Fragments of Euclidean and hyperbolic geometry

Publication date 30 October 2001

Published in Scientiae Mathematicae Japonicae (Search for Journal in Brave)

axiomatizations Euclidean geometry hyperbolic geometry quantifier-free axioms in first-order languages

Foundations of classical theories (including reverse mathematics) (03B30) Linear incidence geometric structures with parallelism (51A15) Configuration theorems in linear incidence geometry (51A20) Desarguesian and Pappian geometries (51A30) Translation planes and spreads in linear incidence geometry (51A40) Absolute planes in metric geometry (51F05) Reflection groups, reflection geometries (51F15) Congruence and orthogonality in metric geometry (51F20) Euclidean geometries (general) and generalizations (51M05) Hyperbolic and elliptic geometries (general) and generalizations (51M10)

Review text

By fragments of Euclidian and hyperbolic geometry the author understands geometries which one obtains by weakening the assumptions defining the Euclidean or hyperbolic geometry. For several of these fragments the author presents axiomatizations which are expressed by means of quantifier-free axioms in first-order languages.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe first part deals with fragments of Euclidean geometry. In II1 Tarski's axiom system \(L(B,\equiv)\) is presented which is based on a set of ``points and structured by a betweenness relation \(B\) and congruence relation \(\equiv\) (collinearity ``\(L\) is derived from \(B\)). The first 10 resp. all 11 axioms characterize geometries \(E_2\) resp. \(E_2'\) whose models can be represented as Cartesian planes over an ordered Pythagorean resp. Euclidean field \(F\). Then in II2 the author gives the ``simplest \(L(B,\equiv)\) axiom systems for \(E_2\) and \(E_2'\) and (in II3) an independent axiom system for \(E_2\) in which metric properties are separated from order properties.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThen there are considered axiom systems defining geometries \(BD_2, D_2 \) and \(D_2'\) such that their models are Cartesian planes over ordered fields, fields \(F\) of char\((F) \not= 2\) with \(F^{(2)} \not= F\) and fields with \(-1 \notin F^{(2)}\). For the affine plane a simple axiom system \(L(\|)\) based on a quaternary (parallelity) relation \(ab\|cd\) is given in II4 which is then augmented by axioms based on a ternary operation (describing reflection in lines) characterizing the geometries \(D_2\). It follows a universal axiom system \(\Delta\) for translation planes using besides a ternary collinarity relation a ternary operation \(P(abc) \) describing the image of \(c\) under the translation which maps \(a\) into \(b\) (II5).NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThen the axioms of Pappus (C1) and Desargues (C2) are expressed and discussed, what means ``to apply three times (C1) in order to prove \(\Delta \vee (C1) \Longrightarrow (C2)\). In this manner are treated moreover in Chap. II equiaffine geometry, André's central translation structures, metric-Euclidean and rectangular planes and in Chap. III (absolute geometry) and IV (hyperbolic geometry) geometries where neither the Euclidean parallel postulate nor a Euclidean metric is required, like metric planes, elementary hyperbolic geometry (in the sense of Menger), Klingenbergs hyperbolic planes (the point set can be represented by \(\{(x,y) \in K^2 \mid x^2 + y^2 \leq 1\}\) where \((K,+,.,\leq)\) is an arbitrary ordered field), Bachmann's ``Treffgeradenebenen and Baer's ``generalized hyperbolic planes \(L(\in ,\perp ,\alpha)\) where \(\alpha\) is a ternary relation on the set of lines describing the ends. Finally ``general affine geometry in the sense of Szczerba (it can be represented by open convex subsets of an affine plane over an ordered skewfield) is discussed.NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThere is also a larger survey of the literature dealing with such geometric structures.

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