Functionally countable subspaces of nice products
The set-theoretic framework for this article is the Zermelo-Fraenkel system of axioms with the axiom of choice. All spaces are assumed to be Tychonoff. A space \(X\) is called functionally countable if the range of an arbitrary continuous real function on \(X\) is countable. Given a family \(\{X_t: t\in T\}\), a subspace \(Y\) of the product \(X=\prod_{t\in T}X_t\) is neatly placed in \(X\) if, for every countable subset \(A\) of \(T\) and the projection \(p_A: X\to\prod_{t\in A}X_t\), the set \(p_A(Y)\) is countable. Among other results, the author shows that, for every family \(\{M_t: t\in T\}\) of second-countable Tychonoff spaces, and a dense subspace \(Y\) of \(M=\prod_{t\in T}M_t\), it holds that \(Y\) is functionally countable if and only if \(Y\) is neatly placed in \(M\). Using Mrówka's space, it is shown that a closed subspace of a functionally countable Tychonoff space need not be functionally countable. However, every Lindelöf subspace of a functionally countable Tychonoff space is functionally countable. Given a family \(\{M_{\alpha}: \alpha< \omega_1\}\) of second-countable Tychonoff spaces such that each \(M_{\alpha}\) has at least two points, the author proves that the Kurepa Hypothesis is equivalent to each of the following statements: (a) the product \(\prod_{\alpha<\omega_1}M_{\alpha}\) has a dense functionally countable subspace \(X\) such that \(|X|=\omega_2\); there exists a functionally countable subspace \(X\) of \(\prod_{\alpha<\omega_1}M_{\alpha}\) with \(|X|=\omega_2\); (c) there exists a set \(Y\) which is neatly placed in \(\prod_{\alpha<\omega}M_{\alpha}\) and \(|Y|=\omega_2\). The author concludes that the Kurepa Hypothesis holds if and only if there exists a (dense) functionally countable subset \(X\) of \(\mathbb{R}^{\omega_1}\) with \(|X|=\omega_2\). The second part of the article contains results relevant to the following question posed in [\textit{V. V. Tkachuk}, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 533, No. 1, Article ID 127992, 11 p. (2024; Zbl 1535.54012)]: If \(X\) is a Tychonoff \(P\)-space, must \(C_p(X)\) have a dense functionally countable subspace? The author proves that if a Tychonoff space \(X\) is of weight \(\leq\omega_1\), and \((X)_{\delta}\) is the \(G_{\delta}\)-modification of \(X\), then \(C_p((X)_{\delta})\) has a dense functionally countable subspace; in particular. for every Tychonoff \(P\)-space with weight \(\leq\omega_1\), the function space \(C_p(X)\) has a dense functionally countable subspace.\N\NContinuous images of Lindelöf scattered spaces are called \(lc\)-scattered spaces. It is shown that it follows from \(\text{CH}+2^{\omega_1}=\omega_2\) that there exists a Lindelöf scattered, Hausdorff \(P\)-space \(X\) of cardinality \(\omega_2\) such that \(C_p(X)\) does not have a dense \(lc\)-scattered subspace. In [\textit{J. Silver}, Axiomatic Set Theory, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. 13, Part I, 383--390 (1971; Zbl 0255.02068)], assuming that there exists a strongly inaccessible cardinal, a model \(M\) of ZFC\(+\)GCH was constructed in which the Kurepa Hypothesis fails. The author proves that it holds in such a model \(M\) that there exists a scattered Lindelöf Hausdorff \(P\)-space of weight \(\omega_2\), with the property that \(C_p(X)\) has no dense functionally countable subspace; moreover, it is true in \(M\) that, for every cardinal \(\kappa>\omega_1\) and the \(G_{\delta}\)-modification \((\mathbb{I}^{\kappa})_{\delta}\) of the Tychonoff cube \(\mathbb{I}^{\kappa}\), the function space \(C_p((\mathbb{I}^{\kappa})_{\delta})\) does not have a dense functionally countable subspace.\N\NFinally, several open questions related to the main results of the paper are posed.
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