Generic bifurcations of pendula

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[For the entire collection see Zbl 0745.00023.] In studying the quadratic part of parameter dependent Hamiltonians near an equilibrium, {1-1} resonance is the generic situation where two imaginary eigenvalues collide and split off the imaginary axis. In the presence of further symmetry, the so-called passing case of 1-1 resonance (eigenvalues remaining on the imaginary axis) becomes a second generic possibility. The authors first review the results obtained by three of them (preprint (1991), entitled: Generic bifurcation of Hamiltonian vector fields with symmetry) on the complete classification of cases of 1-1 resonance in terms of group theory and energetics. They subsequently discuss applications to a rotated orthogonal planar double pendulum and a double spherical pendulum.











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