Generic singularities of planar reversible Filippov vector fields

DOI10.1007/S40863-024-00487-8MaRDI QIDQ6996496zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Felipe Emanoel Chaves, Luis Fernando Mello, Marco A. Teixeira

Publication date 15 April 2025

Published in São Paulo Journal of Mathematical Sciences (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/S40863-024-00487-8

Filippov vector field generic bifurcation normal form reversibility symmetry

Discontinuous ordinary differential equations (34A36) Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Symmetries, invariants of ordinary differential equations (34C14) Transformation and reduction of ordinary differential equations and systems, normal forms (34C20) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23)

Review text

Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be \(C^r\)-vector fields, \(r\geqslant3\), defined in a neighborhood \(U\subset\mathbb{R}^2\) of the origin, with compact closure. Let \(f\colon\mathbb{R}^2\to\mathbb{R}\) be a \(C^r\)-function having \(0\) as regular value. Consider the sets\N\[\N\Sigma=\{(x,y)\in U\colon f(x,y)=0\}, \quad \Sigma^\pm=\{(x,y)\in U\colon \pm f(x,y)>0\},\N\]\Nand let \(Z=(X,Y)\) be the Filippov vector field given by\N\[\N\left\{\begin{array}{ll} X(x,y), &\text{if } (x,y)\in\Sigma^+, \\\NY(x,y), &\text{if } (x,y)\in\Sigma^-. \end{array}\right.\N\]\NLet \(\phi\colon U\to U\) be an involution, i.e. a \(C^\infty\)-diffeomorphism such that \(\phi\circ\phi=\operatorname{Id}\), and define\N\[\NS=\{p\in U\colon\phi(p)=p\}.\N\]\NWe say that \(Z\) is reversible if there exist an involution \(\phi\) such that:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[\((i)\)] \(Y(\phi(p))=-D\phi(p)X(p)\) for all \(p\in U\);\N\item[\((ii)\)] \(S\subset\Sigma\).\N\end{itemize}\NSuppose also that \(\dim S=1\).\N\NIn this paper, the authors study the singularities of low codimension of \(Z\). More precisely, they classify all the singularities of \(Z\) of codimension \(k\in\{0,1,2\}\) and present their topological normal forms. For \(k\in\{0,1\}\) and for a specific case of \(k=2\) (the swallowtail), the bifurcation diagrams are also presented.\N\NThe paper is well-written, organized and present the formal definitions of \textit{topological equivalence}, \textit{structurally stability}, \textit{unfolding}, \textit{universal unfolding}, \textit{versal unfolding} and \textit{k-parameter family of vector fields}. Therefore, it can be very useful as a didactic introduction to the field.\N\NIt is noteworthy to observe that a cornerstone of the paper is the fact (proved at Lemma~\(1\)) that given a reversible \(C^r\)-vector field \(W\) defined on \(U\), there exists a piecewise reversible vector field \(Z=(X,Y)\) defined on \(U\) and topologically equivalent to \(W\). Moreover, the converse is also true.\N\NEquipped with such result, the authors rely on previous works in the literature, such as [\textit{M. A. Teixeira}, J. Differ. Equations 25, 65--89 (1977; Zbl 0315.58016); Boll. Unione Mat. Ital., V. Ser., B 16, 238--254 (1979; Zbl 0416.58019)] and mainly [\textit{M. A. Teixeira}, Physica D 100, No. 1--4, 101--118 (1997; Zbl 0901.34044)].\N\NThe authors conclude the paper by observing that, in the same line of reasoning, studies can be carried in the case \(\dim S=0\) and also for equivariant piecewise vector fields, wheter on higher dimensions or not.

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Symmetries and regularization in planar piecewise smooth systems

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