Generic singularities of planar reversible Filippov vector fields (Q6996496)

Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be \(C^r\)-vector fields, \(r\geqslant3\), defined in a neighborhood \(U\subset\mathbb{R}^2\) of the origin, with compact closure. Let \(f\colon\mathbb{R}^2\to\mathbb{R}\) be a \(C^r\)-function having \(0\) as regular value. Consider the sets\N\[\N\Sigma=\{(x,y)\in U\colon f(x,y)=0\}, \quad \Sigma^\pm=\{(x,y)\in U\colon \pm f(x,y)>0\},\N\]\Nand let \(Z=(X,Y)\) be the Filippov vector field given by\N\[\N\left\{\begin{array}{ll} X(x,y), &\text{if } (x,y)\in\Sigma^+, \\\NY(x,y), &\text{if } (x,y)\in\Sigma^-. \end{array}\right.\N\]\NLet \(\phi\colon U\to U\) be an involution, i.e. a \(C^\infty\)-diffeomorphism such that \(\phi\circ\phi=\operatorname{Id}\), and define\N\[\NS=\{p\in U\colon\phi(p)=p\}.\N\]\NWe say that \(Z\) is reversible if there exist an involution \(\phi\) such that:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[\((i)\)] \(Y(\phi(p))=-D\phi(p)X(p)\) for all \(p\in U\);\N\item[\((ii)\)] \(S\subset\Sigma\).\N\end{itemize}\NSuppose also that \(\dim S=1\).\N\NIn this paper, the authors study the singularities of low codimension of \(Z\). More precisely, they classify all the singularities of \(Z\) of codimension \(k\in\{0,1,2\}\) and present their topological normal forms. For \(k\in\{0,1\}\) and for a specific case of \(k=2\) (the swallowtail), the bifurcation diagrams are also presented.\N\NThe paper is well-written, organized and present the formal definitions of \textit{topological equivalence}, \textit{structurally stability}, \textit{unfolding}, \textit{universal unfolding}, \textit{versal unfolding} and \textit{k-parameter family of vector fields}. Therefore, it can be very useful as a didactic introduction to the field.\N\NIt is noteworthy to observe that a cornerstone of the paper is the fact (proved at Lemma~\(1\)) that given a reversible \(C^r\)-vector field \(W\) defined on \(U\), there exists a piecewise reversible vector field \(Z=(X,Y)\) defined on \(U\) and topologically equivalent to \(W\). Moreover, the converse is also true.\N\NEquipped with such result, the authors rely on previous works in the literature, such as [\textit{M. A. Teixeira}, J. Differ. Equations 25, 65--89 (1977; Zbl 0315.58016); Boll. Unione Mat. Ital., V. Ser., B 16, 238--254 (1979; Zbl 0416.58019)] and mainly [\textit{M. A. Teixeira}, Physica D 100, No. 1--4, 101--118 (1997; Zbl 0901.34044)].\N\NThe authors conclude the paper by observing that, in the same line of reasoning, studies can be carried in the case \(\dim S=0\) and also for equivariant piecewise vector fields, wheter on higher dimensions or not.