Higher order Birkhoff averages

DOI10.1080/14689360802676269MaRDI QIDQ3643143zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors

Publication date 10 November 2009

Published in Dynamical Systems (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.3060

zbMATH Keywords

bounded observableBowen's exampleCesáro meanfull shift

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Dimension theory of smooth dynamical systems (37C45)

Abstract: There are well-known examples of dynamical systems for which the Birkhoff averages with respect to a given observable along some or all of the orbits do not converge. It has been suggested that such orbits could be classified using higher order averages. In the case of a bounded observable, we show that a classical result of G.H. Hardy implies that if the Birkhoff averages do not converge, then neither do the higher order averages. If the Birkhoff averages do not converge then we may denote by $$ the limit set of the $k$-th order averages. The sequence of intervals thus generated is nested: $$. We can thus make a distinction among nonconvergent Birkhoff averages; either: B1. $$ is a point $B_{i}nfty$, or, B2. $$ is a non-trivial interval $$. We give characterizations of the types B1 and B2 in terms of how slowly they oscillate and we give examples that exhibit both behaviours B1 and B2 in the context of full shifts on finite symbols and "Bowen's example". For finite full shifts, we show that the set of orbits with type B2 behaviour has full topological entropy.

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Cites work

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Cited in

(13)

• Complete set of invariants for a Bykov attractor
• Historic behaviour vs. physical measures for irrational flows with multiple stopping points
• Abundance of wild historic behavior
• Birkhoff averages and bifurcations
• Local and global stability indices for a riddled basin attractor of a piecewise linear map
• On higher order irregular sets
• On statistical attractors and the convergence of time averages
• Finitely many physical measures for sectional-hyperbolic attracting sets and statistical stability
• Uniformly historic behaviour in compact dynamical systems
• Orbits with historic behaviour, or non-existence of averages
• A prey–predator model with three interacting species
• Historic behavior in rock-paper-scissor dynamics
• Geometric Lorenz flows with historic behavior

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