How large are the level sets of the Takagi function?

DOI10.1007/S00605-012-0390-0MaRDI QIDQ714981zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Pieter C. Allaart

Publication date 15 October 2012

Published in Monatshefte für Mathematik (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1102.1616

zbMATH Keywords

Baire categoryCatalan numberslevel setslocal level setsnowhere-differentiable functionsTakagi's function

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Nondifferentiability (nondifferentiable functions, points of nondifferentiability), discontinuous derivatives (26A27) Baire category, Baire spaces (54E52)

Abstract: Let T be Takagi's continuous but nowhere-differentiable function. This paper considers the size of the level sets of T both from a probabilistic point of view and from the perspective of Baire category. We first give more elementary proofs of three recently published results. The first, due to Z. Buczolich, states that almost all level sets (with respect to Lebesgue measure on the range of T) are finite. The second, due to J. Lagarias and Z. Maddock, states that the average number of points in a level set is infinite. The third result, also due to Lagarias and Maddock, states that the average number of local level sets contained in a level set is 3/2. In the second part of the paper it is shown that, in contrast to the above results, the set of ordinates y with uncountably infinite level sets is residual, and a fairly explicit description of this set is given. The paper also gives a negative answer to a question of Lagarias and Maddock by showing that most level sets (in the sense of Baire category) contain infinitely many local level sets, and that a continuum of level sets even contain uncountably many local level sets. Finally, several of the main results are extended to a version of T with arbitrary signs in the summands.

Review text

Takagi's continuous nowhere differentiable function is defined by \[ T(x)=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\varphi(2^nx)/2^n, \] where \(\varphi(x)\) is the distance from \(x\) to the nearest integer. It is well-known that the range of \(T\) equals \([0,2/3]\). For \(y\in[0,2/3]\) let \(L(y)=\{x\in[0,1]:T(x)=y\}\) be the level set at level \(y\) of the Takagi function. The author studies the size of level sets of the Takagi function from the point of view of measure and Baire category. Buczolich proved that \(L(y)\) is finite for almost every \(y\) with respect to Lebesgue measure on \([0,2/3]\). Lagarias and Maddock proved that the expected cardinality of a level set \(L(y)\) for \(y\) chosen at random from \([0,2/3]\) is infinite. New proofs of these theorems are presented. A quite different picture appears when looking from the point of view of Baire category. The author prove that the set \(S_\infty^{uc}=\{y\in[0,2/3]:L(y)\) in uncountably infinite\(\}\) is residual. The properties of so-called local level sets of Takagi function are also studied.

Recommendations

• Level sets of the Takagi function: generic level sets
• Level sets of the Takagi function: local level sets
• The finite cardinalities of level sets of the Takagi function
• Correction and strengthening of ``How large are the level sets of the Takagi function?
• Level sets of signed Takagi functions

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Cited in

(17)

• Irregular 1-sets on the graphs of continuous functions
• Weak tangent and level sets of Takagi functions
• On the level sets of the Takagi-van der Waerden functions
• On the rate of convergence for Takagi class functions
• Hausdorff dimension of local level sets of Takagi's function
• The Hausdorff dimension of the generalized level sets of Takagi's function
• Hausdorff dimension of level sets of generalized Takagi functions
• No-where averagely differentiable functions: Baire category and the Takagi function
• Level sets of the Takagi function: local level sets
• Correction and strengthening of ``How large are the level sets of the Takagi function?
• Level sets of signed Takagi functions
• Level sets of the Takagi function: generic level sets
• Some topological results on level sets and multifractal sets
• The Hausdorff dimension of the level sets of Takagi's function
• Slices of the Takagi function
• The finite cardinalities of level sets of the Takagi function
• Dynamics of the Takagi function and the shadowing property

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