Hua's lemma and exponential sums over binary forms
Let \(\Phi(x,y)\) be a nondegenerate form of degree \(d\geq 3\), and let \(f(\alpha)= \sum_{1\leq n\leq P} e(\alpha\Phi(m,n))\) be the associated Weyl sum. The paper investigates analogues of Hua's inequality, and shows that \[ \int_0^1|f(\alpha)|^{2^{j-1}} d\alpha\ll P^{2^j-j+ \varepsilon}, \qquad 1\leq j\leq d, \quad d=3\text{ or }4 \] for any \(\varepsilon> 0\). When \(5\leq d\leq 10\) the author establishes the slightly weaker result that \[ \int_0^1|f(\alpha) |^{\frac{17}{32} 2^d} d\alpha\ll P^{\frac{17}{16} 2^d-d+ \varepsilon}. \] There is a corollary concerning the solubility of equations of the shape \(\sum_{i\leq s}\Phi_i(m_i,n_i)= 0\) involving nondegenerate forms \(\Phi_i\) of degree \(d\), in which \(s> 2^{d-1}\) for \(d=3\) or 4, and \(s> \frac{17}{32} 2^d\) for \(5\leq d\leq 10\). The proof of the main theorem uses, amongst other tools, an estimate for the number of integral solutions of the equation \(F(a,b)= F(c,d)\) with \(|a|,|b|,|c|,|d|\leq X\), where \(F\) is an arbitrary polynomial of two variables. For the entire collection see [Zbl 0974.00037].
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