Weyl's inequality and exponential sums over binary forms
Let \(f(x,y)\in \mathbb{R}[x,y]\). The goal of this paper is to provide analogues of Weyl's inequality for the two-variable exponential sum NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\sum_{x\leq P} \sum_{y\leq Q}e(f(x,y)).NEWLINE\]NEWLINE Previous methods are either restricted to special cases, or yield estimates weaker than one would wish, in comparison to the one-variable case. The author's earlier work [Duke Math. J. 100, 373-423 (1999; Zbl 1130.11312)] achieves the desired goal when \(f\) is homogeneous, and this is now extended as follows. Suppose \(\Phi(x,y)\in \mathbb{Z}[x,y]\) is a form of degree \(d\geq 3\), and not proportional to a \(d\)th power, and let \(\varphi(x,y)\in \mathbb{R}[x,y]\) have total degree at most \(d-1\). Let \(\alpha\in \mathbb{R}\) and suppose that \(|\alpha-r/q|\leq q^{-2}\) for coprime \(r,q\in \mathbb{N}\). Then if \(P\geq Q\) we have NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\sum_{x\leq P} \sum_{y\leq Q} e(\alpha\Phi(x,y)+ \varphi(x,y)) \ll_{\varepsilon,\Phi} P^{2+\varepsilon} (q^{-1}+ P^{-1}+ qP^{-d})^{2^{2-d}}NEWLINE\]NEWLINE for any \(\varepsilon> 0\). The paper follows the author's earlier work, but encounters sums of the form NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\sum_{n\leq R}\min\{N, \|n\alpha+ \beta\|^{-1}\},NEWLINE\]NEWLINE rather than the more familiar ones involving \(\|n\alpha\|^{-1}\). A certain amount of extra work is required to control these adequately.
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