Infinite Burnside groups of even exponent
Burnside problemexponential growthfinite subgroupsgroups of even exponentinfinite Burnside groupsNovikov-Adyan theoremperiodic wordspresentationsvan Kampen-Lyndon diagramsword problem
Subgroup theorems; subgroup growth (20E07) Generators, relations, and presentations of groups (20F05) Cancellation theory of groups; application of van Kampen diagrams (20F06) Word problems, other decision problems, connections with logic and automata (group-theoretic aspects) (20F10) Periodic groups; locally finite groups (20F50) Geometric group theory (20F65)
The Burnside problem for exponent \(n\) asks effectively whether the free \(m\)-generator group \(B(m,n)\) of exponent \(n\) is finite. The Novikov-Adyan theorem gives a negative solution for sufficiently large odd exponents; a refined version in \textit{S. I. Adyan}'s book [The Burnside problem and identities in groups (Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. 95, Springer 1979; Zbl 0417.20001)] gives infiniteness of \(B(m,n)\) for \(m\geq 2\) for odd \(n\geq 665\) (and, of course, for all exponents divisible by such \(n\)). However, a negative solution for even exponents was announced only recently, by \textit{S.~V.~Ivanov} [Bull. Am. Math. Soc., New Ser. 27, No. 2, 257-260 (1992; Zbl 0821.20024)] and \textit{I.~G.~Lysënok} [Usp. Mat. Nauk 47, No. 2(284), 201-202 (1992; Zbl 0822.20043)]. In \textit{S. V. Ivanov}'s paper [Int. J. Algebra Comput. 4, No. 1-2, 1-308 (1994; Zbl 0822.20044)] it is proved that \(B(m,n)\) is infinite for \(m\geq 2\) and for any \(n\geq 2^{48}\) divisible by \(2^9\) and some additional information on these \(B(m,n)\) is obtained including a description of finite subgroups. In the present paper the author proves that \(B(m,n)\) is infinite for \(m\geq 2\) and any \(n\geq 8000\) divisible by \(2^4\) (Theorem~1). Under the same hypotheses on \(m\) and \(n\) Theorem~2 states the following: (i) Any non-empty reduced word in a free group which is trivial in \(B(m,n)\) has a non-empty subword of the form \(A^{(n/2)-1240}\); (ii) The group \(B(m,n)\) has exponential growth; (iii) The group \(B(m,n)\) cannot be finitely presented; (iv) Any finite subgroup of \(B(m,n)\) can be embedded in a finite direct product \(D_{2n}\times D_{2^k}\times\cdots\times D_{2^k}\), where \(D_r\) denotes the finite dihedral group of order \(r\) and \(2^{k-1}\) is the maximal power of \(2\) dividing \(n\). Another result is an effective solution of the word problem for \(B(m,n)\) for those \(m\) and \(n\). The proofs are based on a modified version of the Novikov-Adyan theory of classification of periodic words. The van~Kampen-Lyndon diagrams are also used. (These kinds of geometric constructions were used in a shorter proof of the Novikov-Adyan theorem for odd \(n>10^{10}\) by \textit{A. Yu. Ol'shanskij} [Mat. Sb., Nov. Ser. 118(160), 203-235 (1982; Zbl 0539.20020)]; Ivanov's paper cited above is also based on a further development of Ol'shanskij's methods).
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