Internal normality and internal compactness

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2007.05.018MaRDI QIDQ2469556zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 6 February 2008

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2007.05.018

\(\kappa\)-normality relative compactness relative normality

Subspaces in general topology (54B05) Higher separation axioms (completely regular, normal, perfectly or collectionwise normal, etc.) (54D15)

Review text

All topological spaces are \(T_1\). A space \(X\) is called \(\kappa\)-normal if every pair of disjoint regular closed subsets of \(X\) can be separated by disjoint open subsets of \(X\). In [\textit{A. V. Arhangelśkiĭ}, Topology Appl. 123, 27--36 (2002; Zbl 1008.54013)], the following two questions were raised: Is the product of a normal space \(X\) and the closed unit interval (a compact Hausdorff space) always \(\kappa\)-normal? The authors prove that negative answers to these questions are obtained if one chooses any Dowker space \(Y\), refines the topology on the product space \((\omega+1)\times Y\) (by declaring the points of \(\omega\times Y\) to be isolated), and then defines \(X\) to be the space produced. Two other concepts considered in the second section of the article are the following: A subspace \(Y\) of a space \(X\) is said to be internally normal in \(X\) provided that for any two disjoint subsets \(A\) and \(B\) of \(Y\) which are closed in \(X\), there are disjoint open subsets \(U\) and \(V\) of \(X\) such that \(A\subset U\) and \(B\subset V\). If every subset \(M\) of \(Y\) that is closed in \(X\) must be compact, then \(Y\) is called internally compact in \(X\). Some additional questions raised by Arhangel\('\)skiĭ\ in the above reference are these: If \(Y\) is internally compact in a Hausdorff (regular) space \(X\), must \(Y\) be Tychonoff? If \(Y\) is internally normal in a regular space \(X\), must \(Y\) be Tychonoff? The authors use a \(MAD\) system on \(\omega\) that is disjoint from a free ultrafilter on \(\omega\) to construct a Hausdorff space \(X\) containing a subspace \(Y\) such that \(Y\) is not even regular, but is internally compact in \(X\). Then they provide negative answers to the remaining questions above. They prove that if a non-normal space \(Y\) is internally compact in a regular space \(X\), then the Jones machine, \(J\), for producing regular, non-Tychonoff spaces from regular, non-normal spaces can be used to produce a \(J(Y)\) that is internally compact in \(J(X)\). They next give a very nice modification of the topology on a subspace of the Stone-Čech compactification of a certain carefully chosen discrete space, and use the latter to produce a non-normal space \(Y\) which is internally compact in a zero-dimensional space \(X\). Combining these results produces the answers sought.

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