Irregular hypergeometric systems associated with a singular monomial curve

Commutative rings of differential operators and their modules (13N10) Gröbner bases; other bases for ideals and modules (e.g., Janet and border bases) (13P10) Sheaves of differential operators and their modules, (D)-modules (32C38) Connections of hypergeometric functions with groups and algebras, and related topics (33C80) Singularities, monodromy and local behavior of solutions to ordinary differential equations in the complex domain, normal forms (34M35)

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This paper generalizes results of \textit{F. J. Castro-Jimenez} and \textit{N. Takayama} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 355, No. 9, 3761--3775 (2003; Zbl 1060.33023)] concerning the calculation of the slopes of some irregular \(\mathcal{D}\)-modules. More precisely, given a \(d \times n\) integer matrix \(A\), with rank \(d\), and a \(\beta \in \mathbb{C}^d\) denote with \(H_A(\beta)\) the left ideal in the Weyl algebra \(A_n\) generated by \(\partial^u - \partial^v\), \(u, v \in \mathbb{N}^n\) such that \(Au^t = Av^t\) and \[ \sum a_{ij} x_i \partial_i - \beta_i \quad i = 1, \ldots, d. \] The operators defined by the first condition are called toric operators, and they define an ideal \(I_A\) (the toric ideal) in the commutative subring \(\mathbb{C}[\partial_1, \ldots, \partial_n]\). Denote \(\Theta_i = x_i \partial_i\) and also by \(I_A\) the extension of \(I_A\) in the Weyl algebra or in \(\mathcal{D}\). The ideal \(H_A(\beta) \subset \mathcal{A}_n\) is called the \(A\)-hypergeometric system [see \textit{I. M. Gel'fand, A. V. Zelevinsky} and \textit{M. M. Kapranov}, Funct. Anal. Appl. 23, No. 2, 94--106 (1989); translation from Funkts. Anal. Prilozh. 23, No. 2, 12--26 (1989; Zbl 0721.33006)]. Let \(\mathcal{H}_A(\beta)\) denote the module \(\mathcal{A}/H_A(\beta)\). \textit{R. Hotta} [Proc. of ICPAM Springer School in Wuhan, Travaux en Cours, Hermann (to appear), math RT/9805021 (1991)] has shown that if the toric ideal \(I_A\) is homogeneous (with respect to the usual grading) the hypergeometric is regular, and, in the case of \(A\) a \(1 \times d\) matrix, this amounts to \(A\) to be a multiple of the matrix \((1, \ldots, 1)\). The author considers the case when the condition is not fulfilled. Consider the filtration by order of operators (denoted by \(F\)) and the \(V\) filtration (Malgrange-Kashiwara) defined with respect to a hypersurface. (If this hypersurface is \(x_j = 0\), \(P = \sum q_{\alpha\beta} x^\alpha \partial^\beta\) the \(V\)-order is \(\text{ord}_V(P) = \max\{ \beta_j - \alpha_i, q_{\alpha\beta} \neq 0\}\) and for given \((p, q) \neq (0,0)\) nonnegative integers define \(L(a, b) = pa + qb\).) The \(L\)-order of a non zero operator \(P\) is defined by \(\text{ord}_L(P) = \max \{ L(| \beta| , \beta_j - \alpha_j), a_{\alpha\beta} \neq 0\}\), which defines a new filtration denoted by \(L= p F + qV\). Two such filtration are ordered: \(L_1 < L_2\) if \(-\frac{p_1}{1_1} < -\frac{p_2}{q_2}\). The slope of an \(L\)-filtration (with respect to \(x_j = 0\)) is the \( - p/q\). If \(I\) is an ideal of \(\mathcal{D}\), the slopes of \(\mathcal{D}/ I\) with respect to \(x_j = 0 \) are the slopes of the linear forms \(L \neq F\), \( L \neq V\) such that \(\sqrt{\text{gr}^L(I)}\) is not bihomogeneous for the \(F\) and filtration. Now, if \(A\) is an \(1 \times n\) matrix, \(\beta \in \mathbb {C}\), \(A = (a_1, \ldots a_n)\) with \(0 < a_1 < a_2 < \ldots < a_n\), the author shows that there are no slopes of the hypergeometric system \(H_A(\beta)\) with respect to the planes \(x_i = 0\), \(i < n\) and the slope \(\frac{a_{n - 1}}{a_{n - 1} - a_n}\) with respect to \(x_n\). The author also computes the \(L\)-characteristic variety with respect to \(x_j = 0\), \(j < n\) and with respect to \(x_n = 0\), where, if \(L< a_{n - 1} F + (a_n - a_{n - 1}) V\) we have a result, and a different result if \(L > a_{n - 1} F + (a_n - a_{n - 1}) V\). When the \(1 \times n\) matrix \(A\) has positive and negative elements (i.e., the semigroup defined by the columns of \(A\) is not reduced), one has to do a change of coordinates and find a slope at infinity. In the proof one uses the fact that the module \(\mathcal{H}_A(\beta)\) is holomorphic [\textit{A. Adolphson}, Duke Math. J. 73, No. 2, 269--290 (1994; Zbl 0804.33013)], and, to compute a set of generators of \(I_A\), the author uses the ideal quotients. In the nonreduced case, he uses similar arguments but in this case a new set of generators in the toric ideal has to be found.

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