Quadratic systems with a polynomial first integral: A complete classification in the coefficient space \(\mathbb R^{12}\) (Q1018374)

One of the main problems in the qualitative theory of planar polynomial systems is to characterize the integrable ones, it goes back to Darboux and Poincaré. In this paper the authors study the integrability problem for non-degenerate quadratic real systems \[ \dot x = P(x,y), \quad \dot y = Q(x,y), \eqno(1) \] where \(P\) and \(Q\) are coprime polynomials in the ring \({\mathbb R}[x,y]\), and \(\max \{\deg P, \deg Q\} = 2\). Here, integrability means that the system (1) has a non-constant first integral \(H \in {\mathbb R}[x,y]\). The main result of the paper is that the system (1) has a polynomial first integral if and only if it is Hamiltonian, or it is not Hamiltonian but satisfies some conditions. These conditions are expressed explicitly through the coefficients of the polynomials \(P\) and \(Q\). Using this criterion the authors give some corollaries related to polynomial first integrals and also to rational first integrals of the system.