On Euler numbers, polynomials and related \(p\)-adic integrals (Q1026883)

Let \(p\) be a fixed odd prime. Let \(Z_{p}, Q_{p}, \mathbb C\) and \(C_{p}\) be denote the ring of \(p\)-adic rational integers, the field of \(p\)-adic rational numbers, the complex number field and the completion of the algebraic closure of \(Q_{p}\), respectively. Let \(v_{p}\) be the normalized exponential valuation of \(C_{p}\) with \(|p|_{p}=p^{-v_{p}(p)}=\frac{1}{p}\). If \(q\in \mathbb C\), we assume that \(|q|<1\). If \(q\in C_{p}\), then we assume \(|q-1|_{p}<p^{-\frac{1}{p-1}}\) so that \(q^{x}=\exp(x\log q)\) for \(|x|_{p}\leq 1\). For a fixed positive integer \(d\) with \((p,d)=1\), set \[ X_{d} = \lim_{N}\mathbb Z/dp^{N}\mathbb Z,\quad X_1 = Z_{p}, \] and \[ X^{*}=\bigcup(a+dpZ_{p}), \] and \[ a+p^{N}Z_{p}=\{x\in X:x\equiv a \pmod{p^N}\}, \] where \(a\in \mathbb Z\) satisfies the condition \(0\leq a<p^{N}\). Define \[ \mu_{q}(a+p^{N}Z_{p})=(-1)^{a}. \] This extends to a distribution on \(Z_{p}\). We say that \(f\) is a uniformly differentiable function at a point \(a\in Z_{p}\), we write \(f\in \text{UD}(Z_{p})\), if the difference quotient \[ F_{f}(x,y)=\frac{f(x)-f(y)}{x-y} \] has a limit \(f'(a)\) as \((x,y)\to (a,a)\). Let \(f\in \text{UD}(Z_{p})\). \[ I(f)=\int_{Z_{p}}f(a)d\mu(a)=\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{1}{[p^{N}]_q}\sum_{x=0}^{p^{N}-1}f(a)(-1)^{a}. \] \[ I(f_1)+I(f)=2f(0), \] where \(f_1(x)=f(x+1)\), which studied by \textit{T. Kim} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 331, No. 2, 779--792 (2007; Zbl 1120.11010)]. The author gives the following Witt's formula for Euler numbers: \[ E_{m}=\int_{Z_{p}}(2a+1)^{m}\,d\mu(a). \] The authors also gives many new applications on Euler numbers. The Euler numbers are all integers, there is no analogue for these numbers of the von Staudt-Clausen theorem. But Kummer's congruence has an analogue, due also to Kummer. Thus the author proves many theorems and gives many relations related to the Euler numbers and the Genocchi numbers. For example the author proves the following theorem: If \(m\geq 1\) and \(p\geq 3\), then \[ E_{2m}\equiv E_{2m+p-1}\pmod p. \] The author also gives many applications on the \(p\)-adic Volkenborn integral, Euler numbers and Genocchi numbers.