An improved local blow-up condition for Euler-Poisson equations with attractive forcing (Q1038454)

The article deals with the pressure-less Euler--Poisson equation in dimension \(n \geq 1\): \[ \rho_t + \text{div} \, (\rho {\mathbf u}) = 0, \quad {\mathbf u}_t + {\mathbf u} \cdot \nabla{\mathbf u} = k\nabla \Delta^{-1}(\rho - c), \] with unknown density \(\rho = \rho(t,x): \;{\mathbb R}_+ \times {\mathbb R}^n \to {\mathbb R}_+\) and velocity \({\mathbf u} = {\mathbf u}(t,x): \;{\mathbb R}_+ \times {\mathbb R}^n \to {\mathbb R}^n\) subject to initial conditions \(\rho(0,x) = \rho_0(x)\) and \({\mathbf u}(0,x) = {\mathbf u}_0(x)\). The main result of the article is concerned with the case \(c = 1\), \(k = -1\); it states that the solution of this system will lose \(C^1\) regularity at a finite time \(t_c\) (in particular, \(\min_x \;\text{div} \, {\mathbf u}(t,x) \to - \infty\) and \(\max_x \;\rho(t,x) \to \infty\) for \(t \uparrow t_c\)), if there exists a non-vacuum initial state \(\rho_0(\bar x) > 0\) with vanishing initial vorticity, \(\nabla \times {\mathbf u}_0(\bar x) = 0\) at some \(\bar x \in {\mathbb R}^n\) such that the following sup-critical condition is fulfilled, \[ \text{div} \, {\mathbf u}_0(\bar x) < \text{sgn} \, (\rho_0(\bar x) - 1) \sqrt{nF(\rho_0(\bar x))}, \] where \(F(\rho) = 1 + \frac{2\rho}{n - 2} - \frac{n\rho^{2/n}}{n - 2}\) for \(n \neq 2\), and \(1 - \rho + \rho \ln \rho\) for \(n = 2\). The authors arguments remain valid for the case \(c \geq 0\) and \(k < 0\).