Approximating the basin of attraction of time-periodic ODEs by meshless collocation (Q1045779)

This article deals with \(T\)-periodic Lyapunov functions \(V(t,x)\) for ordinary differential equations \[ \dot x = f(t,x)\eqno(1) \] with \(f \in C^\sigma({\mathbb R} \times {\mathbb R}^d \to {\mathbb R}^d)\), \(\sigma \geq 1\), \(f(t + T,x) = f(t,x)\). It is assumed that there is an asymptotically stable \(T\)-periodic orbit \(\Gamma = S_T^1 \times \{0\}\) with basin of attraction \(A(\Gamma)\). Equation (1) is considered together with the induced dynamical system on the cylinder \(S_T^1 \times {\mathbb R}^d\) with semi-flow \(S_t: \;S_T^1 \times {\mathbb R}^d \to S_T^1 \times {\mathbb R}^d\), \[ S_t(t_0,x) = ((t_0 + t) \, \text{mod} \, T,x(t;t_0,x_0)), \] where \(x(t;t_0,x_0)\) is the solution to (1) at time \(t\) with initial condition \(x(t_0) = x_0\). A \(T\)-periodic functions \(V(t,x)\) is a Lyapunov function to Equation (1) if its orbital derivative is negative: \(LV(t,x) < 0\) (\(LV(t,x) = \partial_t V(t,x) + \langle\nabla_x V(t,x),f(t,x) \rangle\)). It is proved the following: if a \(T\)-periodic function \(V(t,x)\) is a Lyapunov function on \(K \setminus E\), where \(K = \{(t,x) \in S_T^1 \times B| \;V(t,x) \leq R\}\) (\(B\) is an open neighborhood of \(0\)) is a compact set, \(\Gamma \subseteq \overset{\circ}{K}\), \(E \in A(\Gamma)\), then \(K \subseteq A(\Gamma)\). The central result of the article describes conditions under which Equation (1) has a \(T\)-periodic Lyapunov function \(V(t,x)\) satisfying the equation \(LV(t,x) = - \|x\|^2\). The main part of the article is concerned with the meshless reconstruction \(v(t,x)\) of a function \(V(t,x)\) through its values \(V(t_j,x_j)\) or the values of a linear operator \(LV(t_j,x_j)\) at scattered points \(\{(t_j,x_j), \;1 \leq j \leq N\}\): \[ v(t,x) = \sum_{j=1}^N \beta_j(\delta_{(t_j,x_j)} \circ L)^{(\tau,y)} \Phi(t - \tau,x - y) \] (the kernel \(\Phi: \;S_T^1 \times {\mathbb R}^d \to {\mathbb R}\) is assumed to be positive definite and \(T\)-periodic with respect to \(t\)). Error estimates are derived for general kernels and for the kernels given by Wendland's compactly supported functions. At the end of the article some examples are considered.