The infinite companion matrix (Q1185050)

The present paper provides a well-written exposition on the notion of the infinite companion matrix introduced by the author [Linear Algebra Appl. 1, 245--260 (1968; Zbl 0159.32304)], and its relations to dilation theory, reproducing kernels, projection operators and Bézoutians. The infinite companion \(C^ \infty(p)\) for the monic polynomial \(p(z)=z^n-(p_0+p_1z+\ldots+p_{n-1}z^{n-1})\) can be characterized as the \(n\times\infty\)-matrix \((c_{ij})^{n-1\infty}_{i=0,j=0}\) such that the \(n\times n\)-submatrix \((c_{ij})^{n-1n+k-1}_{i=0,j=k}\) equals \(C(p)^k\), \(k=0\), \(1,\ldots,\) where \(C(p)\) is the finite (second) companion matrix for \(p\), i.e., \(c_{ij}=\delta_{ij}\), \(j<n\), \(c_{in}=p_ i\), \(i=0\), \(1,\ldots,n-1\). Thus the columns with index \(j>n\) of \(C^\infty(p)\) are determined recursively by \(p\). One may consider \(C^\infty(p)\) as the operator which maps each polynomial (or rather, each formal power series) in \(z\) to its remainder \(r(z)\), \(\deg r<n\), on division by \(p(z)\). For further characterizations the shift operators \[ S:\sum^ \infty_{k=0}a_kz^k\mapsto\sum^ \infty_{k=0}a_kz^{k+1}, \quad S^*:\sum^\infty_{k=0}a_kz^k \mapsto\sum^\infty_{k=1}a_kz^{k-1}, \] and the reciprocal polynomial \(\hat p(z):=z^np(1/z)\) (with \(\hat p(0):=1\neq 0)\) turn out to be useful; e.g., the rows of \(C^\infty(p)\) meet the recurrence relation \(p(S^*)h(z)=0\), and \(C^\infty(p)\) intertwines \(S\) and \(C(p)\): \(C^\infty(p)S=C(p)C^\infty(p)\). For a (potentially infinite) matrix \(M=(m_{ij}), {i,j}\geq 0\) the generating function \(F(M;z,y):=\sum a_{ij}y^iz^j\) is defined, e.g., for small \(y\), \(z\) the generating function of the infinite identity matrix is \((1/(1-yz))\). The generating function of \(C^\infty(p)\) is shown to be \(F_0(z,y)=(1/(1-yz))-z^np(y)/(\hat p(z)(1-yz))\). This result leads to a generalization of the infinite companion to the case of two monic polynomials \(w(z)\), \(p(z)\) of the same degree \(n\): The corresponding generating function is \(F(z,y)=(\hat w(y)\hat p(z))^{-1}(\hat w(y)\hat p(z)-p(y)w(z))/(1-yz))\), and it describes the projection of the space \(H\) of all formal power series onto \(\operatorname{ker} w(S^*)\) along \(pH\) (the original infinite companion is obtained by taking \(w(z)=z^ n)\). If both \(w\) and \(p\) have all their zeros inside the open unit disc then one can express \(F(z,y)\) in terms of the shift operators \(S\), \(S^*\) and the infinite companions \(C^\infty(w)\), \(C^\infty(p)\), considered as operators on the Hardy space \(H^ 2\).