Formal coalgebras and applications (Q1209080)

Let \(R\) be a commutative ring with unit and let \(R[[x]]\) and \(R[[x,y]]\) be rings of formal power series in \(n\) and \(2n\) independent variables \(x=(x_ 1,\dots,x_ n)\) and \(y=(y_ 1,\dots,y_ n)\), respectively. A pair \((R[[x]],\delta)\) is called a formal coalgebra (of dimension \(n)\) if \(\delta:R[[x]]\to R[[x]]\hat\otimes_ RR[[x]]\cong R[[x,y]]\) is \(R\)- linear, coassociative and if evaluation at zero is a two-sided co-unit, i.e. \(\delta^ y_ x\varphi(x)|_{y=0}=\varphi(x)\) and \(\delta^ y_ x\varphi(x)|_{x=0}=\varphi(y)\), for any \(\varphi(x)\in R[[x]]\). The author develops a theory of formal coalgebras. The main tool is the ring of invariant operators of a formal coalgebra. Section 1 contains a systematic survey of results about this ring. These results are used to prove the main results of the multidimensional umbral calculus. Using the machinery of the umbral calculus, the author determines polynomial sequences \(s_ \omega(x)\), \(\omega\in\mathbb{Z}^ n_ +\) with generating functions (Sheffer polynomials) \(g(t)\exp(x_ 1f_ 1(t)\cdots+x_ nf_ n(t))\) satisfying the recurrence relations \(x_ is_ \omega(x)= \sum_{|\omega|-1\leq|\alpha|\leq |\omega|+1} a^\alpha_{i,\omega}s_ \alpha(x)\). In the remaining sections, proofs are given of previously announced results concerning two-valued multidimensional commutative formal groups. The author determines all \(n\)-dimensional two-valued commutative homogeneous formal groups over fields of zero characteristic and proves that any \(n\)-dimensional two-valued commutative formal group over a field of zero characteristic is reduced to its homogeneous part under a change of variables. Finally, he proves that any one-dimensional two-valued formal group over a field of zero characteristic is commutative.