Local and global universal relations for first-gradient materials (Q1330757)

The `first gradient' materials considered by the authors have been classified by W. Noll to whom there is no listed reference -- as simple materials. A `local universal' relation is one such as \(T_{11} - T_{22} = \gamma T_{12}\), which holds for any simple shear of every isotropic elastic material, being independent of material parameters. A `pseudo-universal' relation is one which contains only specific, not all material parameters. A `global universal' relation is a solution to the equations for static balance of equilibrium (there is no discussion of dynamics in the paper) which holds for a specific class of materials independently of material parameters. The authors develop systematic methods for treating the first two types in isotropic and anisotropic solids, and extend a result of Rivlin (loc. cit.) for combined extension and torsion of elastic materials to a larger class.