Pauli operator and Aharonov-Casher theorem for measure valued magnetic fields (Q1348982)

The authors propose a definition of Pauli operator on \(L^2({\mathbb R}^2,{\mathbb C}^2)\), \[ H=[{\sigma}\cdot (-i\nabla+{\mathbf A})]^2 = (-i\nabla+{\mathbf A})^2 + \sigma_3 B \] for any magnetic field \({\mathbf A}\) that is a regular Borel measure, \(B= \text{curl}({\mathbf A})\), \({\sigma} =(\sigma_1,\sigma_2)\) are the first two Pauli matrices. The Aharonov-Casher theorem states that the dimension of the kernel of \(H\) is given by \[ \dim\text{Ker }(H) =\lfloor |\Phi|\rfloor, \] where \[ \Phi = {1\over 2\pi}\int_{\mathbb R^2} B(x) dx. \] This theorem has been rigorously proven for a restricted class of magnetic fields on \({\mathbb R}^2\). In the present paper authors extend Aharonov-Casher theorem for any measure valued magnetic field with finite total variation. A counterexample in case of infinite total variation is presented. One of the key technical tools is a weighted \(L^2\) estimate on a singular integral operator.