Properties of classes of \(\alpha\)-standard elements (Q1364720)

The author's results are based on the consideration of RIST introduced by \textit{Y. Péraire} [Osaka J. Math. 29, 267-297 (1992; Zbl 0803.03046)]. \(x\) is \(\alpha\)-standard if there exists a standard function \(f\) such that \(\alpha\) is in the domain of \(f\) and \(x= f(\alpha)\). Under this concept, we have the \(\alpha\)-transfer principle: Let \(\alpha\) be a nonstandard element of a standard set and \(F(x)\) be an \(\alpha\)-standard formula. Then \((\exists x)F(x)\Rightarrow (\exists^\alpha x)F(x)\). \(\alpha\)-standardization: Let \(X\) be a standard set, and an IST-formula \(F(x)= Q^\alpha_1,\dots,Q^\alpha_n\) \(\Phi(x_1,\dots, x_n,x)\), where \(\Phi\) is an \(\alpha\)-standard formula, \(Q^\alpha_k\) is \((\forall^\alpha x_k\in Z_k)\) or \((\exists^\alpha x_k\in Z_k)\), \(Z_k\) is a standard element. Then there exists a unique \(Y\) such that \(Y\subset X\) and \((\forall^\alpha x\in X)\) \([x\in Y\Leftrightarrow F(x)]\). The important Section 3 is concerned with an extension of idealization. Let \(R\) be a relation on a set \(X\). \(C_\alpha(R)\) is defined as \((\forall^\alpha Z\subset X)\) \([Z\text{ finite }\Rightarrow(\exists y\in X)(\forall x\in Z) xRy]\), and \(D_\alpha(R,y)\) as \((\forall^\alpha x\in X) xRy\). The idealization of IST is formulated as ``for any internal relation \(R\), \(C_0(R)\Rightarrow \exists y D_0(R,y)\)''. As is shown by an example, idealization is not true for nonstandard \(\alpha\). Some conditions that \(C_0(R)\Rightarrow \exists y^\alpha D_0(R,y)\) holds for special \(\alpha\) are obtained. In the final Section 4, a problem which is related with ultrafilters and ultrapower is discussed. Consider a fixed \(\alpha\) and all relations \(R\) being \(\alpha\)-standard on \(X\). The problem is to find \(\beta\) such that \(C_0(R)\Rightarrow \exists y^\beta D_0(R,y)\) is true. Let \(\alpha\) be a nonstandard element of an infinite standard set \(I\). We denote by \(\text{Ult}_I(\alpha)\) the standardization of the set \(\{J\subset I\mid\alpha\in J\}\). Some basic facts: \(\text{Ult}_I(\alpha)\) is non-trivial \(\Leftrightarrow\alpha\) is nonstandard. For a standard ultrafilter \(U\) on \(I\), there exists \(\alpha\in I\) such that \(U= \text{Ult}_I(\alpha)\). A condition for the above problem is given. For a standard set \(X\) and a standard ultrafilter \(U\) on infinite standard \(I\), an ultrapower \(X^*= X^I/U\) is defined. Some related systems are obtained, for example, double ultrapowers, and their relations are discussed.