A taxonomy of 2-primal rings. (Q1406760)

A ring \(R\) is called 2-primal if its prime radical is the set of all nilpotent elements of \(R\). There are various classes of rings which are 2-primal. For example: (1) rings with the (PSI) condition (a ring \(R\) satisfies (PSI) if for every \(a\in R\), the factor ring \(R/r_R(aR)\) is 2-primal); (2) rings with the (SI) condition (a ring \(R\) satisfies (SI) if the right annihilator of each element of \(R\) is a two-sided ideal); (3) one-sided duo rings (a ring \(R\) is called right (resp. left) duo if every right (resp. left) ideal of \(R\) is two-sided); (4) reversible rings (a ring \(R\) is called reversible if \(ab=0\) if and only if \(ba=0\) for all \(a,b\in R\)); (5) symmetric rings (a ring \(R\) is called symmetric if \(abc=0\) if and only if \(bac=0\) for all \(a,b,c\in R\)); and (6) reduced rings. Numerous interesting examples and counterexamples for these various types of 2-primal rings are constructed in this paper. Also within a fairly narrow class of rings, it is shown that (PSI) is strictly stronger than 2-primal. Moreover, the interplay between various types of semilocal rings and various types of 2-primal rings is studied. Finally, subideals of prime ideals of commutative rings that are invariant under derivations are examined.