A version of the uncertainty principle for functions with lacunary Fourier transforms. (Q1419737)

Zygmund proved that if a function \(f\in L^2([0,1])\) has a lacunary Fourier series then, for any \(E\subset L^2([0,1])\) having positive measure, one has \(\| f\chi_E\| _2\geq C\| f\| _2\) in which \(C\) depends on \(E\) and on the lacunary support of the set of Fourier coefficients of \(f\). The author develops this observation in the setting of Fourier transforms on the real line, making comparisons to Fourier uncertainty principles due to Amrein and Berthier (a nontrivial function and its Fourier transform cannot both vanish off sets of finite measure), of Logvinenko and Sereda (if \(f\) is bandlimited then \(\| f\chi_E\| _2\geq C\| f\| _2\) on \(\mathbb R\) provided \(E\) is relatively dense) and of Tom Wolff (\(f\) and \(\widehat f\) cannot both vanish off of thin sets unless \(f=0\)). The analogue of Zygmund's lacunarity hypothesis is the standing assumption that \(\widehat f\) is supported in \(\Lambda =\bigcup_{k=-\infty}^\infty [\lambda_k-b,\lambda_k+b]\) where \(\{\lambda_k\}\) satisfies \( \#\{(m,n): m\neq n \,\,\text{{ and }}\,\, \lambda_n-\lambda_m\in [x-1/2,x+1/2] \}\) is bounded by some number \(N\), independent of \(x\). The author proves three main results along the lines just indicated. The first result states that if \(\text{{supp}}\,\widehat f\subset\Lambda\) and if \(E\) is relatively dense in the sense that there exist \(a>0\) and \(\gamma>0\) such that \(| E\cap I| \geq \gamma | I| \) whenever \(| I| =a\), then \(\| f\| _2^2\leq C\int_E | f| ^2\) provided \(1-\gamma\leq (16(1+\pi ab)^2(2\pi +1/a)N)^{-1}\). The second result presumes that \(E\) is relatively dense with \(a>1\). In this case, if \(ab\) is small enough and \(\text{{supp}}\,\widehat f\subset \Lambda\) then \(\| f\| _2^2\leq (CN/\gamma)^{(CN/\gamma)^2}\int_E | f| ^2\) with \(C\) an absolute constant. The third main result specializes to the case in which \(E\) is a periodic subset of \(\mathbb R\) such that \(| E\cap [0,a]| =\gamma a\). In this case a more precise and explicit estimate of \(\| f\chi_E\| _2/\| f\| _2\) is provided.