Formulas for generalized two-qubit separability probabilities (Q1629353)

Summary: To begin, we find certain formulas \(Q(k, \alpha) = G_1^k(\alpha) G_2^k(\alpha)\), for \(k = - 1,0, 1, \ldots, 9\). These yield that part of the \textit{total} separability probability, \(P(k, \alpha)\), for generalized (real, complex, quaternionic, etc.) two-qubit states endowed with random induced measure, for which the determinantal inequality \(|\rho^{\operatorname{P} \operatorname{T}}| > |\rho|\) holds. Here \(\rho\) denotes a \(4 \times 4\) density matrix, obtained by tracing over the pure states in \(4 \times(4 + k)\)-dimensions, and \(\rho^{\operatorname{P} \operatorname{T}}\) denotes its partial transpose. Further, \(\alpha\) is a Dyson-index-like parameter with \(\alpha = 1\) for the standard (15-dimensional) convex set of (complex) two-qubit states. For \(k = 0\), we obtain the previously reported Hilbert-Schmidt formulas, with \(Q(0, 1 / 2) = 29 / 128\) (the real case), \(Q(0,1) = 4 / 33\) (the standard complex case), and \(Q(0,2) = 13 / 323\) (the quaternionic case), the three simply equalling \(P(0, \alpha) / 2\). The factors \(G_2^k(\alpha)\) are sums of polynomial-weighted generalized hypergeometric functions \({}_p F_{p - 1}\), \(p \geq 7\), all with argument \(z = 27 / 64 = (3 / 4)^3\). We find number-theoretic-based formulas for the upper (\(u_{i k}\)) and lower (\(b_{i k}\)) parameter sets of these functions and, then, equivalently express \(G_2^k(\alpha)\) in terms of first-order difference equations. Applications of Zeilberger's algorithm yield ``concise'' forms of \(Q(- 1, \alpha)\), \(Q(1, \alpha)\), and \(Q(3, \alpha)\), parallel to the one obtained previously (Slater 2013) for \(P(0, \alpha) = 2 Q(0, \alpha)\). For nonnegative half-integer and integer values of \(\alpha\), \(Q(k, \alpha)\) (as well as \(P(k, \alpha)\)) has descending roots starting at \(k = - \alpha - 1\). Then, we (Dunkl and I) construct a remarkably compact (hypergeometric) form for \(Q(k, \alpha)\) itself. The possibility of an analogous ``master'' formula for \(P(k, \alpha)\) is, then, investigated, and a number of interesting results are found.