Equidistribution of the conormal cycle of random nodal sets (Q1630637)

Let \((\mathcal{M},\mathcal{B}, \mathbb{P},f)\) be an oriented smooth compact Riemannian manifold \(\mathcal{M}\) of dimension \(n\). Denote by \(0=\lambda_1\leq \lambda_2\leq \ldots\) the non-decreasing sequence of square roots of eigenvalues of its Laplacian, by \((e_j,j\geq 1)\) an orthonormal basis of \(L^2(M)\) such that \(-\Delta e_j=\lambda_j^2e_j\), and for any positive \(\Lambda\), by \(\mathcal{H}_\Lambda\) the subspace of \(L^2(M)\) generated by \(\{e_j\mid \lambda_j\leq \Lambda\}\). It is known that \(N(\Lambda) := \dim(\mathcal{H}_\Lambda) = \frac{\mathrm{Vol}(M)\Lambda^n}{2^n\pi^{n/2}\Gamma(n/2+1)} +\mathcal{O}(\Lambda^{n-1})\). A Gaussian law \(\mu_\Lambda\) is defined on \(\mathcal{H}_\Lambda\) by its density \((N(\lambda)/2\pi)^{N(\lambda)/2}\exp\big[-\|f\|^2N(\lambda)/2\big]\), so that \(\int_{\mathcal{H}_\Lambda} \|f\|^2_{L^2(M)} d\mu_\Lambda(f) = 1\). To any \(f\in\mathcal{H}_\Lambda\) is associated its so-called \textit{conormal cycle}, defined by \[ N^*\{f=0\} := \big\{ (x,\xi)\in T^*M\mid f(x)=0, \xi = t d_xf \text{ for some } t\in\mathbb{R}^*\big\}. \] Note that \(\mu_\Lambda\)-almost surely, \(\{f=0\}\subset \{d_xf\not=0\}\), and then \(N^*\{f=0\}\) is a smooth \(n\)-dimensional submanifold of \(T^{\bullet}M := \big\{ (x,\xi)\in T^*M\big|\xi\not=0\big\}\). The authors fix any test \(n\)-form \(\omega\) on \(T^{\bullet}M\), and first show that \(f\mapsto \int_{N^*\{f=0\}}\omega \) is \(\mu_\Lambda\)-integrable. Then their main result states that \[ \int_{\mathcal{H}_\Lambda} \int_{N^*\{f=0\}}\omega d\mu_\Lambda(f) = \frac{2(-1)^{(n+1)/2}\Lambda^n}{\pi\mathrm{Vol}(\S^{n-1}) (n+2)^{n/2}}1_{\{n\in 2\mathbb{N}+1\}} \int_{T^*\mathcal{M}}(\Omega\circ\pi^{-1})\wedge\omega +\mathcal{O}(\Lambda^{n-1}), \] where \(\Omega\) denotes the Riemannian volume form on \(T^*\mathcal{M}\) and \(\pi : T^*\mathcal{M}\to M\) denotes the canonical projection. As a corollary, they recover the already known expansion \[ \int_{\mathcal{H}_\Lambda} \chi(\{f=0\}) d\mu_\Lambda(f) = \frac{2(-1)^{(n-1)/2}\mathrm{Vol}(M)\Lambda^n}{\pi\mathrm{Vol}(\S^{n-1}) (n+2)^{n/2}}1_{\{n\in 2\mathbb{N}+1\}} +\mathcal{O}(\Lambda^{n-1}), \] where \(\chi(\cdot)\) denotes the Euler characteristic.