Black box Galois representations (Q1655818)

In the present paper, the authors develop methods to study two-dimensional $2$-adic Galois representations $\rho$ of the absolute Galois group of a number field $K$, unramified outside a known finite set of primes $S$ of $K$, which are presented as Black Box representations, where both the base field $K$ and the finite ramified set $S$ are specified in advance, and the only information we have about $\rho$ is the characteristic polynomial of $\rho(\text{Frob }\mathfrak{p})$ for certain primes $\mathfrak{p}$ not in $S$; we may specify these primes, but only finitely many of them. They give examples to illustrate the methods, first from elliptic curves defined over $\mathbb{Q}$, and then from Bianchi modular forms and elliptic curves over imaginary quadratic fields.