On the Riemann-Hilbert problem for difference and \(q\)-difference systems (Q1675249)

The first part of the article deals with a system of linear difference equations \[ Y(z + 1) = A(z)Y(z),\tag{1} \] where \(A(z)\) is a rational \(n \times n\) matrix, \[ A(z) = A_rz^r + \dots + A_0, \quad A_r = \mathrm{diag}(\rho_1,\dots,\rho_n) \] (\(\rho_1\dots\rho_n \neq 0\), \(\rho_i / \rho_j \notin {\mathbb R}\) for \(i \neq j\)). For this system there exist formal solutions \(Y^l(z)\) and \(Y^r(z)\) to (1) of type \[ Y(z) = z^{rz}e^{-rz}\bigg(Y_0 + \frac{Y_1}{z} + \dots\bigg) \mathrm{diag} (\rho_1^zz^{d_1},\dots,\rho_n^zz^{d_n}); \] and such that the matrix \(P(z) = (Y^r(z))^{-1}Y^l(z)\) is periodic (\(P(z + 1) = P(z)\)) and its items can be represented as follows: \[ \begin{aligned} p_{kk}(z) & = 1 + c_{kk}^{(1)}e^{2\pi iz} + \dots + c_{kk}^{(r-1)}e^{2\pi(r-1)z} + e^{2\pi id_k}e^{2\pi i z}, \\ p_{kl}(z) & = e^{2\pi\lambda_{kl}z} (c_{kl}^{(0)} + c_{kl}^{(1)}e^{2\pi iz} + \dots + c_{kl}^{(r-1)}e^{2\pi(r-1)iz}), \quad k \neq l, \end{aligned}\tag{2} \] with some (characteristic) constants \(c_{kl}^{(s)}\) and \(d_k\), and integers \(\lambda_{kl}\). The main result is the following: for any \(d_k\) and \(c_{kl}^{(s)}\) such that the corresponding matrix-function \(P(t)\) with elements (2) has no multiple zeros, there exist matrices \(A_0,\ldots,A_{r-1}\) determining system (1) with the characteristic constants \(d_k\) and \(c_{kl}^{(s)}\). The second part of the article is devoted to similar results for systems of linear difference equations of type \[ Y(qz) = A(z)Y(z) \qquad (q \in {\mathbb C}, \;|q| > 1). \]