Second spectrum of modules and spectral spaces (Q1712774)

All rings $R$ in this paper are commutative with identity and all modules are unital right $R$-modules. Recall that a module $M$ is said to be a second module if $M \neq 0$ and $\mathrm{ann}_{R}(M) =\mathrm{Ann}_{R}(M/N)$ for every proper submodule $N$ of $M$. A second submodule $N$ of a module $M$ is called a ($P$-)second submodule of $M$ if it is a second module by itself (and will then have an annihilator that is a prime ideal $P$ of $R$. The set of all second modules of a module $M$ is called the second spectrum of $M$ and is denoted by $\mathrm{Spec}^{s}(M)$. It is assumed that $\mathrm{Spec}^{s}(M) \neq \phi$. The map $\psi^{s} : \mathrm{Spec}^{s}(M) \rightarrow \mathrm{Spec}(R/\mathrm{Ann}_{R}(M))$ defined by $\psi_{s}(S) = \mathrm{ann}_{R}(S)$ is called the natural map of $\mathrm{Spec}^{s}(M)$. If this natural map is injective for an $R$-module $M$, then $M$ is said to be $X^{s}$-injective. $X^{s}$-injective modules are studied, a characterization is found of the second submodules of an $X^{s}$-injective module and conditions for the existence of a maximal second submodule are investigated. $X^{s}$-injectives over a one-dimensional domain are characterized. \par Every weak co-multiplication module over a one-dimensional domain is shown to be cotop. These results are used to study the dual Zariski topology $(\mathrm{Spec}^{s}(M), \tau^{s})$. It is shown that if $R$ is a Dedekind domain and $M$ an $X^{s}$-injective $R$-module, then $(\mathrm{Spec}^{s}(M), \tau^{s})$ is a spectral space if and only if $\mathrm{Spec}^{s}(M)$ is a finite set or $\operatorname{div}(M_{R}) \neq 0$. More results on $(\mathrm{Spec}^{s}(M), \tau^{s})$ are found for specific rings, such as one-dimensional integral domains. \par A module is said to be secondful if $\psi^{s}$ is surjective. For a secondful module $M$, the combinatorial dimension of $(\mathrm{Spec}^{s}(M), \tau^{s})$ and the Krull dimension of $R/\mathrm{Ann}_{R}(M)$ are shown to be equal and several equivalences are found for the combinatorial dimension of $(\mathrm{Spec}^{s}(M), \tau^{s})$ to be zero. In this case, all the irreducible components of $(\mathrm{Spec}^{s}(M), \tau^{s})$ are found. \par The final section deals with conditions for $\mathrm{Spec}^{s}(M)$ to be a spectral space in the case of two different topologies.