Averaging methods for nonlinear systems with a small parameter via reduction and topological degree (Q1729175)

Consider in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) the differential equation \[ x'(t)=F_0 (t,x)+\varepsilon F_1(t,x)+\varepsilon^2R(t,x,\varepsilon),\tag{\(*\)} \] where \(\varepsilon\) is a small parameter, \(F_0,F_1,R\) are continuous functions, \(C^2\) in the second variable, and \(T\)-periodic in the first one. On the unperturbed system \[ x'(t)=F_0(t,x)\tag{\(**\)} \] it is assumed that there is an open set \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^k\) \((k<n)\) and a \(C^2\) map \(\beta_0:\overline\Omega\to\mathbb{R}^{n-k}\) such that for each \(\alpha\in\Omega\) the solution \(x_\alpha(t)\) of (\(**\)) with the initial point \(x_\alpha(0)=(\alpha,\beta_0(\alpha))\) is \(T\)-periodic. The goal is to derive conditions such that for sufficiently small \(\varepsilon\) system (\(*\)) has a \(T\)-periodic solution bifurcating from some periodic solution of system (\(**\)). Under some structural assumptions on the fundamental matrix \(Y(t,\alpha, beta_0(\alpha))\) of the linearized system \[ y'(t)=\frac{\partial F_0}{\partial x}(t,x(t,\alpha,\beta_0(\alpha)) \] the authors introduce the bifurcation function \(F:\Omega\to\mathbb{R}^k\) by \[ F(\alpha)=\pi\left(\int^T_0Y^{-1}(t,\alpha,\beta_0(\alpha))F_1 (t,x_\alpha(t))dt\right) \] where \(\pi:\mathbb{R}^n\to\mathbb{R}^k\) is a projection onto the first \(k\) coordinates. They prove that if there exists \(\alpha_0\in\Omega\) such that \[ F(\alpha_0)=0,\ F(\alpha)\ne 0 \quad \forall \alpha\in\overline{B_\delta(\alpha_0)} \setminus\alpha_0,\quad\deg (F(\alpha),B_\delta(\alpha_0),0)\ne 0, \] where \(B_\delta(\alpha_0)\) is a \(\delta\)-neighborhood of \(\alpha_0\) in \(\Omega\), then system (\(*\)) has for sufficiently small \(\varepsilon\) at least one \(T\)-periodic solution \(\varphi(t,\varepsilon)\) such that \(\varphi(0,\varepsilon)\to(\alpha_0, \beta_0(\alpha_0))\) as \(\varepsilon\to 0\). The result is applied to a forced galactic dynamics model.