Algebraic independence for values of integral curves (Q1738877)

In the paper under review, the author proves a transcendence result concerning values of holomorphic maps from a disk to a quasiprojective variety over $\bar{\mathbb{Q}}$ that are integral curves of some algebraic vector field defined over $\bar{\mathbb{Q}}$. These maps are required to satisfy some integrality property, besides a growth condition and a strong form of Zariski-density that are natural for integral curves of algebraic vector fields. \par Theorem. Let $ \mathcal{X} $ be a quasiprojective arithmetic scheme over $ \mathcal{O}_{K} $ of relative dimension $ n\ge 2 $, with smooth generic fibre $ \mathcal{X}_{K} $, and let $ \hat{\varphi}:\text{Spf}~\mathcal{O}_{K}\llbracket q\rrbracket \to \mathcal{X}$ be a morphism of formal $ \mathcal{O}_{K}$-schemes such that for every embedding $ \sigma: K \hookrightarrow \mathbb{C} $, the formal curve $ \hat{\varphi}_{\sigma}:\text{Spf}~\mathcal{O}_{K}\llbracket q\rrbracket \to \mathcal{X}_{\sigma} $, obtained from $ \hat{\varphi} $ by base change, lifts to an analytic curve $ \varphi_{\sigma}:D_{R_\sigma}\subset \mathbb{C} \to \mathcal{X}_{\sigma}^{\text{an}} $ defined on a disk of radius $ R_{\sigma}>0 $ centered at the origin. \par Assume that \[ \prod_{\sigma: K \hookrightarrow \mathbb{C}}R_{\sigma} =1 \] and that there exists a vector field $ v \in \Gamma\left( \mathcal{X}_K, T_{\mathcal{X}_K/K}\right)\setminus \{0\} $ on the generic fibre of $ \mathcal{X} $ such that $ \hat{\varphi}:\text{Spf}~\mathcal{O}_{K}\llbracket q\rrbracket \to \mathcal{X}$ satisfies the differential equation \[ d\dfrac{d\hat{\varphi}_{K}}{dq} = v \circ \hat{\varphi}_{K}. \] if, moreover, \begin{itemize} \item[(1)] the formal curve $ \hat{\varphi}_{K} $ is $ ZL -$dense in $ \mathcal{X}_K $, and \item[(2)] for each embedding $ \sigma: K \hookrightarrow \mathbb{C}$, the analytic curve $ \varphi_{\sigma}:D_{R_{\sigma}} \to \mathcal{X}_{\sigma}^{\text{an}} $ has moderate growth, then, for every $ \sigma: K \hookrightarrow \mathbb{C}$ and every $ z \in D_{R_{\sigma}}\setminus \{0\}$, the field of definition $ K \left( \varphi_{\sigma}(z)\right) $ of the complex point $ \varphi_{\sigma}(z) $ in $ \mathcal{X}_K $ satisfies \[\text{trdeg}_{\mathbb{Q}}K(\varphi_{\sigma}(z)) \ge n-1. \] \end{itemize} This result formalizes and generalizes the theorem of \textit{Yu. V. Nesterenko} [Sb. Math. 187, No. 9, 1319--1348 (1996; Zbl 0898.11031); translation from Mat. Sb. 187, No. 9, 65--96 (1996)], which concerns the algebraic independence of values of the Eisenstein series, seen as holomorphic functions on the complex unit disk $D := \{q \in \mathbb{C}: |q| < 1\}$, explicitly defined by \[ E_2(q)=1-24\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{nq^{n}}{1-q^n},~ E_4(q)=1+240\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{n^3q^{n}}{1-q^n},~ E_6(q)=1-504\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{n^5q^{n}}{1-q^n}. \] The main technical improvement in his approach is the replacement of a rather restrictive hypothesis of polynomial growth on Taylor coefficients by a geometric notion of moderate growth formulated in terms of value distribution theory.