Homogeneous affine surfaces: affine Killing vector fields and gradient Ricci solitons (Q1743692)

Let \(\mathcal{M}=(M,\nabla)\) be an affine surface. It is called locally homogeneous if given any two points of \(M\), there is a germ of diffeomorphism \(\Phi\) taking one point to another with \(\Phi^\ast\nabla=\nabla\). For the locally homogeneous affine surfaces \textit{B. Opozda} gives the following classification [Differ. Geom. Appl. 21, No. 2, 173--198 (2004; Zbl 1063.53024)]: \(\mathcal{A}\). There exist local coordinates \((x^1,x^2)\) so that \(\Gamma_{ij}{}^k=\Gamma_{ji}{}^k\) is constant. \(\mathcal{B}\). There exist local coordinates \((x^1,x^2)\) so that \(\Gamma_{ij}{}^k=(x^1)^{-1}C_{ij}{}^k\) where \(C_{ij}{}^k=C_{ji}{}^k\) is constant. \(\mathcal{C}\). \(\nabla\) is the Levi-Civita connection of a metric of constant sectional curvature. The above three possibilities are not exclusive. For an affine surface \(\mathcal{M}=(M,\nabla)\), let \(\rho\) be its Ricci curvature tensor, \(\rho^s\) the symmetric part of the Ricci tensor \(\rho\), \(\mathfrak{K}(\mathcal{M})\) the Lie algebra of affine Killing vector fields. The authors use these tools to partially normalize the Christoffel symbols of the surface of type \(\mathcal{A}\) and \(\mathcal{B}\). For example, if \(\mathcal{M}\) is of type \(\mathcal{A}\) and Rank\((\rho)=1\), they define \[ \alpha_X(\mathcal{M})=\nabla\rho(X,X;X)^2\cdot\rho(X,X)^{-3} \] and \(\epsilon_X(\mathcal{M})=\)Sign\{\(\rho(X,X)\)\} for \(X\in T_pM\) with \(\rho(X,X)\neq 0\). These quantities are independent of the choice of \(X\), hence they determine invariants denoted by \(\alpha(\mathcal{M})\) and \(\epsilon(\mathcal{M})\). The authors claim in Theorem 3.4 that for a surface \(\mathcal{M}\) of type \(\mathcal{A}\) the following assertions are equivalent: {\parindent=7mm\begin{itemize}\item[(a)] \(\operatorname{dim}\{\mathfrak{K}(\mathcal{M})\}=4\), \item[(b)] \(\dim\{\mathfrak{K}(\mathcal{M})\}>2\), \item[(c)] \(\operatorname{Rank}\{\rho\}=1\). \end{itemize}} The following assertions are also equivalent: {\parindent=7mm\begin{itemize}\item[(a)] \(\dim\{\mathfrak{K}(\mathcal{M})\}=2\),\item[(b)] \(\operatorname{Rank}\{\rho\}=2\), and so on. \end{itemize}} The authors give Theorem 3.8 which says that, if \(\mathcal{M}\) and \(\tilde{\mathcal{M}}\) are of type \(\mathcal{A}\) and \(\operatorname{Rank}\{\rho\}=1\) and \(\alpha(\mathcal{M})=\alpha(\tilde{\mathcal{M}})=\alpha\), then {\parindent=7mm\begin{itemize}\item[(1)] \(\mathcal{M}\approx\tilde{\mathcal{M}}\) and \(\mathcal{M}\) is also of type \(\mathcal{B}\) if \(\alpha=16\); \item[(2)] \(\mathcal{M}\approx\tilde{\mathcal{M}}\) and \(\mathcal{M}\) is not of type \(\mathcal{B}\) if \(\alpha\in(0,16)\), and so on. \end{itemize}} Furthermore the authors define the so-called affine gradient Yamabe soliton and affine gradient Ricci soliton, and examine affine gradient Ricci solitons if \(\mathcal{M}\) is type \(\mathcal{A}\) and/or type \(\mathcal{B}\), and the others. For the whole paper the authors make a carefull analysis to give some results as mentioned above; they are Theorem 3.11, Theorem 3.21, Theorem 4.9, Theorem 4.10, Theorem 4.12 and a series of lemmas.