The Maillet-Malgrange type theorem for generalized power series (Q1744814)

Consider an \(m\)-th order ODE of the form \[ F(z, u, \delta u, \ldots, \delta^m u)=0 \tag{1} \] with \(\delta=z (d/dz)\) and a polynomial \(F(z, u_0, u_1, \ldots, u_m)\not \equiv 0.\) \textit{E. Maillet}'s theorem [Ann. Sci. Éc. Norm. Supér. (3) 20, 487--518 (1903; JFM 34.0282.01)] asserts that any formal power series solution \(\varphi=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} c_n z^n \in \mathbb{C}[[z]]\) to (1) is of Gevrey order \(1/k\) for some \(k\in \mathbb{R}_{>0}\cup\{+\infty\},\) that is, \(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}c_n z^n /\Gamma(1+n/k)\) converges around \(z=0\). Supposing \((\partial F/\partial u_m) (z,\Phi)\not=0\) with \(\Phi=(\varphi, \delta\varphi, \ldots, \delta^m\varphi),\) \textit{B. Malgrange} [Asymptotic Anal. 2, No. 1, 1--4 (1989; Zbl 0693.34004)] showed that the number \(k\) may be given by the least of all the positive slopes of the Newton polygon for the linear operator \(L_{\varphi}=\sum_{i=0}^m (\partial F/\partial u_i)(z, \Phi) \delta^i,\) and by \(k=+\infty\) if there exist no positive slopes. The paper under review gives a Maillet-Malgrange type theorem for generalized power series solutions. Suppose that (1) admits a formal solution expressible in the form \[ \varphi= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} c_n z^{s_n}, \quad c_n\in \mathbb{C}, \quad s_n \in \mathbb{C} \tag{2} \] with \(0\leq \text{Re}\, s_0 \leq \text{Re}\, s_1 \leq \ldots,\) \(\lim_{n\to\infty} \text{Re}\, s_n =+\infty.\) Let (2) satisfy \((\partial F/\partial u_m) (z,\Phi)\not=0\) and \((\partial F/\partial u_i)(z,\Phi)=A_iz^{\lambda} +B_i z^{\lambda_i} +\cdots,\) \(\text{Re}\,\lambda_i > \text{Re}\,\lambda\) with \((A_0,A_1, \ldots, A_m)\not=(0,0,\ldots,0).\) The Newton polygon for the linear operator of this case is defined in a similar way, and the same slope rule as above determines \(k\), which equals \(\min_{i>p}(\text{Re}\, \lambda_i -\text{Re}\, \lambda)/(i-p)\) if \(k<+\infty,\) where \(p\) is such that \(A_p\not=0,\) \(A_i=0\) for all \(i>p.\) Then it is shown that \(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}c_n z^{s_n}/ \Gamma(1+s_n/k)\) converges uniformly in \(\{z; \theta_1 <\arg z < \theta_2,\,|z|<\varepsilon\}\), where \(\theta_1, \theta_2\) are given numbers such that \(\theta_2 -\theta_1 <2\pi\), and \(\varepsilon\) is sufficiently small. This result is proved by reducing (1) to an suitable form, by representing (2) by a multivariate Taylor series, and by using the implicit mapping theorem for Banach spaces. Finally some examples are discussed. The third, fifth and sixth Painlevé equations near \(z=0\) admit solutions of the form (2) with \(k=+\infty\), and they converge in suitable domains. Furthermore two equations are given: one has a unique positive slope \(k=1+\sqrt{2}\) of the Newton polygon, and the other has two positive slopes \((=1,\) \(2)\) and \(k=1.\)