On bifurcation of eigenvalues along convex symplectic paths (Q1755169)

The authors consider linear Hamiltonian equations in $\mathbb{R}^{2n}$ \[\frac{d\gamma}{dt} = J_{2n}A(t)\gamma(t),\qquad \gamma(0) \in \mathrm{Sp}(2n,\mathbb{R}), \tag{1} \] where \(J_{2n}\) is the canonical symplectic matrix and $A : t \mapsto A(t) $ is a continuous periodic curve in the space of $2n \times 2n$ real matrices which are symmetric with periodicity $T$. The unique solution is a curve in the space of real symplectic matrices such that \[ \gamma (t +T)\gamma(T)^{-1} = \gamma(t)\gamma(0)^{-1}. \] System (1) arises naturally in the context of perturbations of linearized Hamiltonian equations. \par The main result of this article is the following: assume that $t \mapsto A(t)$ is continuous (not necessarily periodic). If $A(t)$ is strictly positive definite on $\mathrm{ker}(\omega \cdot \mathrm{Id}-\gamma(t))$ for all $t\in \mathbb{R}$ and $\omega \in U$, then the set $D=\{t: \gamma(t)\text{ has a Krein indefinite eigenvalue on }U\}$ is discrete. Under certain assumptions of convexity, the authors investigate the dynamics of the eigenvalues of $\gamma(t)$ when $t$ changes. The results of the article summarize the classic Krein-Lubarskii theorem on analytic bifurcation Floquet multipliers with linear perturbation Hamiltonian.