Boundedness of the twisted paraproduct (Q1759762)

Denote the dyadic martingale average and difference, respectively, by \[ \mathbb{E}_kf:=\sum_{|I|=2^{-k}}\left(\frac1{|I|}\int_If\right)\chi_I\quad \mathrm{and}\quad\Delta_kf:=\mathbb{E}_{k+1}f-\mathbb{E}_kf \] for every \(k\in\mathbb{Z}\), where the sum is taken over dyadic intervals \(I\subset \mathbb{R}\) of length \(2^{-k}\). For any 2-dimensional function \(F\), let \((\mathbb{E}_k^{(1)}F)(x,y):=(\mathbb{E}_kF(\cdot,y))(x)\) for all \(x, y\in{\mathbb R}\). Given two 2-dimensional functions \(F\) and \(G\), the dyadic twisted paraproduct is defined as \(T_d(F,G):=\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}}(\mathbb{E}_k^{(1)}F)(\Delta_k^{(2)}G)\). Let \(p,\,q\in(1,\infty)\) and \(\frac1p+\frac1q>\frac12\). The author proves that \(T_d\) satisfies the following strong-type estimate \[ \|T_d(F,G)\|_{L^{pq/(p+q)}(\mathbb{R}^2)}\lesssim_{p,\,q}\|F\|_{L^p(\mathbb{R}^2)} \|G\|_{L^q(\mathbb{R}^2)}. \] When \(p=1\) and \(q\in[1,\infty)\), or \(q=1\) and \(p\in[1,\infty)\), the author establishes the following weak-type estimate \[ \alpha|\{(x,y)\in\mathbb{R}^2:\;|T_d(F,G)(x,y)|>\alpha\}|^{(p+q)/pq} \lesssim_{p,\,q}\|F\|_{L^p(\mathbb{R}^2)} \|G\|_{L^q(\mathbb{R}^2)}. \] Moreover, the author shows that the weak-type estimate fails for \(T_d\) if \(p=\infty\) or \(q=\infty\) via giving some counterexamples. In the continuous case, let \(P_{\varphi}\) denote the Fourier multiplier with symbol \(\hat{\varphi}\), i.\,e., \(P_{\varphi}f:=f*\varphi\). Take two functions \(\varphi,\,\psi\in C^1(\mathbb{R})\) satisfying that, for all \(x\in{\mathbb R}\), \[ |\varphi(x)|,\;\left|\frac{d}{dx}\varphi(x)\right|,\;|\psi(x)|, \;\left|\frac{d}{dx}\psi(x)\right|\lesssim(1+|x|)^{-3} \] and \( \text{supp}(\hat{\psi})\subset\{\xi\in\mathbb{R}:\;\frac12\leq|\xi|\leq2\}. \) For every \(k\in\mathbb{Z}\) and all \(x\in{\mathbb R}\), define \(\varphi_k(x):=2^k\varphi(2^kx)\) and \(\psi_k(x):=2^k\psi(2^kx)\). Given two 2-dimensional functions \(F\) and \(G\), the continuous twisted paraproduct is defined as \[ T_c(F,G):=\sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}}\left(P_{\varphi_k}^{(1)}F \right)\left(P_{\psi_k}^{(2)}G\right). \] The author further proves that, if \(p,\,q\in(1,\infty)\) and \(\frac1p+\frac1q>\frac12\), then the same strong-type estimate as for \(T_d\) also holds true for \(T_c\). When \(p=1\) and \(q\in[1,\infty)\), or \(q=1\) and \(p\in[1,\infty)\), the author further establishes the same weak-type estimate for \(T_c\) as for \(T_d\). Furthermore, the weak-type estimate also fails for \(T_c\) if \(p=\infty\) or \(q=\infty\). These results answer a question posed by C. Demeter and C. Thiele.