\(\omega_{1}\)-compactness in type I manifolds (Q1767727)

A type I manifold \(M\) is a manifold which is the union of an \(\omega_1\)-sequence \(\Sigma=\{U_\alpha\,:\,\alpha<\omega_1\}\) of open subspaces such that \(\overline{U_\alpha}\subset U_\beta\) whenever \(\alpha<\beta\), and such that \(\overline{U_\alpha}\) is Lindelöf for all \(\alpha\). If in addition \(U_\alpha=\bigcup_{\beta<\alpha}U_\beta\) for any limit ordinal \(\alpha\), then \(\Sigma\) is called a canonical sequence for \(M\). If \(\Sigma\) is a canonical sequence for a type I manifold \(M\), then the tree of nonmetrisable-component boundaries associated with \(\Sigma\), denoted by \(\Upsilon(\Sigma)\), is the collection of all sets of the form \(\partial C\) such that \(C\) is a nonmetrisable component of \(M\setminus\overline{U_\alpha}\) for some \(\alpha\), with the following order: if \(\tau,\sigma\in \Upsilon(\Sigma)\), then \(\tau<\sigma\) iff \(\sigma\) is a subset of a component whose boundary is \(\tau\). This tree is referred to as an \(\Upsilon\)-tree. In another direction, a tree is a partially ordered set such that the set of predecessors of any element is well-ordered. A rooted tree is an \(\omega_1\)-tree if it has height \(\omega_1\) and each level is countable. An \(\omega_1\)-tree is well-pruned if it has no terminal node. Any \(\Upsilon\)-tree of a type I manifold is a well-pruned \(\omega_1\)-tree. It has been previously shown by the first author [Topology Appl. 123, No.1, 91-101 (2002; Zbl 1012.54034)] that any well-pruned \(\omega_1\)-tree is isomorphic to an \(\Upsilon\)-tree of a type I manifold. In this article the authors are concerned with constructing type I manifolds with the stronger property of \(\omega_1\)-compactness from a given \(\Upsilon\)-tree. A topological space is \(\omega_1\)-compact if it does not contain an uncountable closed discrete subset. The main theorem of this article is the following: If \(T\) is a well-pruned \(\omega_1\)-tree which does not contain an uncountable antichain then \(T\) is isomorphic to an \(\Upsilon\)-tree of an \(\omega_1\)-compact type I manifold. It has also been shown [loc. cit.] that if a tree \(T\) does contain uncountable antichains then the question whether or not \(T\) admits an \(\omega_1\)-compact manifold is undecidable in ZFC. On the positively consistent side the principle \(\diamondsuit\) was used. Here the authors remark that the principle \(\clubsuit\) is enough to guarantee the existence of an \(\omega_1\)-compact type I manifold any of whose \(\Upsilon\)-trees must contain uncountable antichains.