Universal denominators of Hilbert series (Q1772435)

This paper deals with the Hilbert series of finitely generated multi-graded modules over finitely generated multi-graded algebras. Suppose \(K\) is a field and \(R\) is a finitely generated commutative \(K\)-algebra, multi-graded over \({\mathbb N}^r\), where \({\mathbb N}\) denotes the non-negative integers and \(r\) is a positive integer, with \(\dim_K(R_{(0,0,\ldots,0)})<\infty\). If \(M\) is a finitely generated \({\mathbb Z}^r\)-graded \(R\)-module then the Hilbert series of \(M\) is \[ H(M,t):=\sum_{d\in{\mathbb Z}^r}\dim_K(M_d)t^d \] where \(t=(t_1,t_2,\ldots,t_r)\), \(d=(d_1,d_2,\ldots,d_r)\) and \(t^d=t_1^{d_1}t_2^{d_2}\cdots t_r^{d_r}\). The \textit{universal denominator} of \(H(M,t)\), denoted by \(\text{udenom}(M,t)\), is the smallest polynomial \(B(t)\) such that \(B(0,\ldots,0)=1\) and \(B(t)H(N,t)\) is a Laurent polynomial for all multi-graded submodules \(N\subseteq M\). By Theorem 1.10 (b), \(\text{udenom}(M,t)\) is the greatest common divisor of \[ \left\{\prod_{f\in {\mathcal G}}\left(1-t^{\deg}(f)\right)\right\} \] as \({\mathcal G}\) runs over finite sets of homogeneous elements of \(R\) such that \(M\) is finitely generated over \(K[{\mathcal G}]\). Theorem 1.10 (a) gives a formula for computing \(\text{udenom}(M,t)\) in terms of cyclotomic polynomials and the dimensions of certain quotient modules of \(M\). Sections 3 through 6 deal with universal denominators in invariant theory. Suppose that \(S\) is multi-graded over \({\mathbb N}^r\) with \(S_{(0,\ldots,0)}=K\) and \(G\) is a reductive linear algebraic group acting regularly on \(S\) such that the action respects the multi-grading. Denote the resulting ring of invariants by \(S^G\). By Theorem~3.4, if \(G\) is connected and linearly reductive and \(H\) is a linearly reductive subgroup containing a maximal torus of \(G\), then \(\text{udenom}(S^G,t)\) divides \(\text{udenom}(S^H,t)\). Theorem~3.6 relates the universal denominator of \(S^G\) to the universal denominators of modules of covariants. Section~4 deals with universal denominators and rings of invariants for finite groups. If \(K\) has characteristic zero, \(G\) acts linearly on the vector space \(Y\) and \(S=K[Y]\) is graded over \({\mathbb N}\) with the elements of \(Y\) is degree \(1\), then the universal denominator of \(S^G\) is the least common multiple of \(\{\det(\text{id}-tg)\mid g \in Gt\}\) (Corollary~4.3); Remark~4.5 compares this result with Molien's formula. Section~5 deals with universal denominators for rings of invariants of tori and Section~6 addresses universal denominators for binary forms, i.e., rings of invariants for symmetric power representations of \(\text{SL}_2(K)\); the results are related to a conjecture of \textit{J. Dixmier} [in: Sémin. d'algébre P. Dubreil et M.-P. Malliavin, 36éme Année, Proc., Paris 1983/84, Lect. Notes Math. 1146, 127--160 (1985; Zbl 0578.14011)].