Multiple Wilson and Jacobi--Piñeiro polynomials (Q1775000)

Multiple orthogonal polynomials are a generalization of orthogonal polynomials in the sense that they satisfy orthogonality conditions with respect to \(r\in \mathbb{N}\) measures \(\mu_{1}\,, \ldots ,\, \mu_{r}\). Let \(\mathbb{N}_{0}=\mathbb{N}\cup\{0\}\) and \(\vec{n}=(n_{1}\,,n_{2}\,,\,\ldots,\,n_{r})\in \mathbb{N}_{0}^{r}\) be a vector of \(r\) nonnegative integers, which is called a \textit{multi-index} with length \(| \vec{n}| :=n_{1}\,+n_{2}\,+\,\ldots+\,n_{r}\). A multiple orthogonal polynomial \(P_{\vec{n}}\) of type \(\text{II}\) with respect to the multi-index \(\vec{n}\), is a (nontrivial) polynomial of degree \(\leq | \vec{n}| \) which satisfies the orthogonality conditions \( \int P_{\vec{n}}(z)z^{m}\,d\mu_{j}(z)=0, \quad 0\leq m\leq n_{j}-1,\quad j=1,\ldots,r\). In this paper the authors give some new examples of multiple orthogonal polynomials of this type. In particular, let \(P_{\vec{n}}^{(\vec{\alpha},\,\beta)}\) be the Jacobi-Piñeiro polynomials, which are orthogonal with respect to the weights \(w_{j}(x)=x^{\alpha_{j}}(1-x)^{\beta}\) on \([0,\,1], \alpha_{j}, \beta>-1\). These polynomials reduce to the classical Jacobi polynomials (shifted to the interval \([0,\,1]\)) for \(r=1\). The authors show that Jacobi polynomials remain formal orthogonal polynomials for complex parameters \(\alpha_{1},\,\beta\) and also that the Jacobi-Piñeiro polynomials with complex parameters are formal multiple orthogonal polynomials of type II. Then the authors introduce the formal multiple Wilson polynomials \(p_{\vec{n}}(.;a,\vec{b},c,d)\) which give a new example of formal multiple orthogonal polynomials of type II. These polynomials are an extension of the formal Wilson polynomials and they satisfy complex orthogonality conditions with respect to \(r\) Wilson weights \(w(z;a,b_{j},c,d),\;\;j=1, \,\ldots,\,r\). These weights are ratios of products of \(\Gamma\) functions in one complex variable. For appropriate conditions on the complex parameters \(a,\,c,\,d\) the authors express the formal multiple Wilson polynomials as a Jacobi-Piñeiro transform, which is an extension of a Jacobi transform for Wilson polynomials. The authors also give some explicit formulas for both Jacobi-Piñeiro and multiple Wilson polynomials, one of them in terms of Kampé de Fériet series. Finally, they consider some limiting relations and construct a part of a multiple AT-Askey table which extends the well-known Askey scheme for classical orthogonal polynomials to multiple orthogonal polynomials.