Exceptional isogenies between reductions of pairs of elliptic curves (Q1785960)

Let \(E_{/k}\) be an elliptic curve defined over a number field \(k\) and, for any prime \(\mathfrak{p}\) of \(k\), denote by \(E_\mathfrak{p}\) the reduction of \(E\) at \(\mathfrak{p}\) (defined over the residue field \(k(\mathfrak{p})\)). Two such curves \(E_{/k}\) and \(E'_{/k}\) are \textit{geometrically isogenous at \(\mathfrak{p}\)} if there exists an isogeny between \(E_{\mathfrak{p}}\) and \(E'_{\mathfrak{p}}\) defined over an algebraic closure \(\overline{k(\mathfrak{p})}\) of \(k(\mathfrak{p})\). The main result of the paper is the fact that any two elliptic curves \(E_{/k}\) and \(E'_{/k}\)are geometrically isogenous at infinitely many primes of \(k\) and, as an immediate consequence, (due to the behaviour of reductions under isogenies and field extensions) one obtains that an elliptic curve \(E_{/k}\) has infinitely many primes of supersingular reduction or \(E_{\mathfrak{p}}\) acquires complex multiplication by \(K\) (for any fixed quadratic imaginary field \(K\)) at infinitely many primes \(\mathfrak{p}\) (after, possibly, a finite extension of \(k\)). The author uses a theorem of \textit{P. Autissier} [Bull. Soc. Math. Fr. 131, No. 3, 421--433 (2003; Zbl 1067.11022)] to give an asymptotic estimate, as \(N\rightarrow +\infty\), for the arithmetic degree of the \(0\)-cycle \(Z.t_{N*}Y\) of two purely horizontal divisors on the modular scheme \(X(1)_{\mathcal{O}_k}\) (where \(t_N\) represents the Hecke correspondence of level \(N\)), in terms of the degree of the divisors, the degree \([k:\mathbb{Q}]\), the index \(e_N\log(N)=N\displaystyle{\prod_{p|N}\left(1+\frac{1}{p}\right)\cdot\log(N)}\) and the (\(\log\) of the norm of) \(Z\)-sections of \(t_{N*}Y\) (indexed by the embeddings \(\sigma_i:k\hookrightarrow \mathbb{C}\)). For any absolute value \(|\!\cdot \!|\) of \(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}\) and any two distinct points \(y,z\in X(1)(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}_{|\cdot |})\), the paper provides local estimates or bounds for the distance between \(z\) and the Hecke orbit of \(y\) and for the number/distribution of Hecke orbits containing points close to \(z\) as \(N\) varies. With such results (which are the technical core of the article), the author computes or bounds the arithmetic degree and the sections mentioned above for the points \(y\) and \(z\) corresponding to two elliptic curves \(E_{/k}\) and \(E'_{/k}\) and, confronting with degrees, \([k:\mathbb{Q}]\) and \(e_N\log(N)\), derives a contradiction in the case in which \(E_{/k}\) and \(E'_{/k}\) are geometrically isogenous only at a finite number of primes.