Partial actions of \(C^{*}\)-quantum groups (Q1790414)

The paper under review introduces and studies partial coactions of \(C^{*}\)-bialgebras. Recall that for \(C^{*}\)-algebras \(A,B\), a \(^*\)-homomorphism \(\pi:A\to M(B)\) is called strict if \(\pi\) is a nondegenerate \(^*\)-homomorphism from \(A\) to a corner of \(M(B)\), namely, \(pBp\) for a projection \(p\in M(B)\). A~partial coaction of a \(C^{*}\)-bialgebra \((A,\Delta)\) on a \(C^{*}\)-algebra \(C\) is a strict \(^*\)-homomorphism \(\delta:C\to M(C\otimes A)\) satisfying \(\delta(C)(1_{C}\otimes A)\subseteq C\otimes A\) and the partial coassociativity condition \((\delta\otimes\mathrm{id}_{A})\circ\delta=(\delta(1_{C})\otimes1_{A})\cdot((\mathrm{id}_{C}\otimes\Delta)\circ\delta)\). \par Several continuity properties of partial coactions are defined along the lines of the corresponding properties for coactions, and then compared (see Proposition 2.3 of \textit{P. M. Sołtan} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 372, No. 1, 224--236 (2010; Zbl 1209.46045)] for locally compact groups and Proposition 5.8 of [\textit{S. Baaj} et al., Commun. Math. Phys. 235, No. 1, 139--167 (2003; Zbl 1029.46113)] for locally compact quantum groups). As a first example, partial coactions on \(\mathbb{C}\) are shown to correspond to group-like projections. \par Then, the present work is related to earlier ones as follows. \par (1) Let \(\Gamma\) be a discrete group. Counital partial coactions of the \(C^{*}\)-bialgebra \(c_{0}(\Gamma)\) are shown to correspond naturally to partial actions of \(\Gamma\) such that, for every element of \(\Gamma\), the domain of the associated isomorphism is a direct summand. (See [\textit{R. Exel}, Partial dynamical systems, Fell bundles and applications. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (2017; Zbl 1405.46003)] for partial actions of groups.) \par (2) Let \(\mathbb{G}\) be a compact quantum group. Every counital partial coaction of the discrete dual \(\hat{\mathbb{G}}\) on a unital \(C^{*}\)-algebra is shown to induce a symmetric partial action of the Hopf algebra \(\mathcal{O}(\mathbb{G})\). Furthermore, for a partial coaction \(\delta\) of \(\mathbb{G}\) on a unital \(C^{*}\)-algebra \(C\), the situation in which \(\delta\) reduces to a partial coaction of the Hopf algebra \(\mathcal{O}(\mathbb{G})\) on some unital dense \(^*\)-algebra of \(C\) is characterized. (See [\textit{S. Caenepeel} and \textit{K. Janssen}, Commun. Algebra 36, No. 8, 2923--2946 (2008; Zbl 1168.16021)] for Hopf algebras, partial actions and coactions.) \par Two basic notions related to partial coactions are restrictions and dilations. Restriction means taking a partial coaction and (essentially) restricting it to a \(C^{*}\)-subalgebra that is invariant in a suitable sense. Two such invariance conditions are defined and investigated. By a dilation of a partial coaction we mean roughly a coaction of the same \(C^{*}\)-bialgebra on a potentially larger \(C^{*}\)-algebra that extends the original partial coaction. \par Existence of dilations is an important issue. To tackle it, the authors introduce the following notion: a partial coaction \(\delta\) of a \(C^{*}\)-bialgebra \((A,\Delta)\) on a \(C^{*}\)-algebra \(C\) is called regular if \((\mathrm{id}_{C}\otimes\Delta)\left(\delta(C)\right)\cdot(1_{C}\otimes1_{A}\otimes A)\subseteq M(C\otimes A)\otimes A\). They explain why regularity is natural to require when discussing the existence of dilations, and also relate it to regularity of \((A,\Delta)\) when the latter is a \(C^{*}\)-quantum group in the sense of \textit{S. L. Woronowicz} [Int. J. Math. 7, No. 1, 127--149 (1996; Zbl 0876.46044)] or \textit{P. M. Sołtan} and \textit{S. L. Woronowicz} [Lett. Math. Phys. 57, No. 3, 239--252 (2001; Zbl 1009.46037)]. It is proved that, if \(\delta\) is injective and regular and \(A\) has the slice map property, then \(\delta\) admits a dilation, whose construction is described concretely. \par When a partial coaction \(\delta\) of \((A,\Delta)\) admits at least one dilation, one can consider minimality of dilations. This notion is defined, and it is proved that, if \(A\) has the slice map property, then every dilation of \(\delta\) ``contains'' a minimal one; if, in addition, \((A,\Delta)\) is a \(C^{*}\)-quantum group and \(\delta\) is injective and regular, then it has a unique minimal dilation up to a suitable isomorphism notion. Once again, the construction is described concretely. \par A fundamental example for the paper's theory, which is of independent interest, is given by generalizing the Bernoulli shift (co)action of discrete groups to discrete quantum groups \(\mathbb{G}\). A suitable restriction of it provides what the authors call the partial Bernoulli coaction of \(\mathbb{G}\); in the case of a discrete group \(\Gamma\), this is the restriction of the shift from the power set of \(\Gamma\) to the family of all subsets containing the unit of \(\Gamma\). The partial Bernoulli coaction is shown to be initial among the counital partial coactions of \(c_{0}(\mathbb{G})\).