On rational approximations with denominators from thin sets. II. (Q1858629)

A subset \(\mathcal A\) of positive integers is called a thin set if \(\#\{a\in A\: a\leq x\}/x\to 0\) (\(x\to\infty\)). Put \[ \mathcal M(\mathcal A)=\{\xi\in(0,1)\backslash\mathbb Q \mid \exists(f_\xi:\mathcal A\to(0,\infty))\quad\forall(p\in\mathbb Z, q\in\mathcal A, \gcd(p,q)=1): | q\xi-p| >f_\xi(q)/q\} \] and \[ \overline{\mathcal M}(\mathcal A)=\{\xi\in(0,1)\backslash\mathbb Q \mid \exists(k_\xi:\mathcal A\to(0,\infty))\,\exists^\infty(p\in\mathbb Z, q\in\mathcal A, \gcd(p,q)=1): | q\xi-p| \leq k_\xi(q)/q\}. \] The purpose of this paper is to investigate the distribution of the irrationals within the sets \(\mathcal M\) and \(\overline{\mathcal M}\), proving the following. (1) \(\mathcal M(\mathcal A)\) is dense in the unit interval. A specific subset of Liouville numbers exists. (2) There are thin sets \(\mathcal A\) of positive integers and a real number \(d\) depending on \(\mathcal A\) such that \(\{\xi\in\mathcal M(\mathcal A)\mid f_\xi(q)>d\quad (q\in\mathcal A, q>c)\}\) is no dense subset of the unit interval for every positive \(c\). (3) If \(\theta\) is a real number in the unit interval, satisfying \(| y\sqrt{D}-x| \leq\theta/y\) for an integer \(D>9\) which is no perfect square and for some positive rational \(x/y\), then \[ | (x^2+D y^2)\sqrt{D}-2xyD| \leq 3\theta^2 D\sqrt{D}/(x^2+D y^2). \] (4) There exist strictly increasing positive integers \(q_0\), \(q_1\), \(q_2\), \(\dots\), such that \(q_n-q_{n-1}\) exceeds a real-valued positive function for every \(n>2\) and \(\overline{\mathcal M}(\mathcal A)\) corresponding to \(\mathcal A=\{q_n: n\geq 0\}\) is dense in the unit interval. (5) If \(\sum_{n=0}^\infty 1/q_n\) converges for strictly increasing positive integers \(q_0\), \(q_1\), \(q_2\), \(\dots\), then the Lebesgue measure of \(\overline{\mathcal M}\) is nullified. The proof of the first part of these results is essentially the same as that of the Part I paper by the author [Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamb. 69, 229--235 (1999; Zbl 0946.11013)]. Finally, the author remarks that the Duffin-Schaeffer conjecture (see the Corollary to Theorem 2.10 in [Metric Number Theory. London Mathematical Society Monographs. New Series 18. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1998; Zbl 1081.11057)]) holds for some specific case.