Identities over the two-element alphabet (Q1914085)

Let \(u=v\) be an identity where \(u\) and \(v\) are elements of the free semigroup \(A^+_2\) over the set \(A_2=\{x,y\}\) of two letters. This paper studies the identities \(u=v\) which induce various types of decompositions and solves some types of the problems proposed by the reviewer [Pac. J. Math. 31, 513-521 (1969; Zbl 0186.31102)]. The authors characterize the identities \(u=v\) which induce semigroups satisfying one of the following conditions: (1) a semilattice of archimedean semigroups, (2) a semilattice of left archimedean semigroups, (3) orthodox completely simple semigroups (implying rectangular groups), etc. Among these (1) is the most important and the other cases can be described by using (1). The identity \(u=v\) satisfies (1) if and only if \(u=v\) is \(p\)-equivalent to one of the following identities (i)\(\sim\)(v), that is, each of the following is derived from \(u=v\) by permutations of letters. Below \(k,m\in Z^+=\{1,2,3,\dots\}\), \(w\in A^+_2\). (i) \(xy=w\) where \(w\neq xy\), (ii) \((xy)^k=w\) where \(k\geq 2\) and \(w\neq (xy)^m\) for all \(m\), (iii) \((xy)^kx=w\) where \(w\neq (xy)^mx\) for all \(m\), (iv) \(xy^k=w\) where \(k\geq 2\) and \(w\neq xy^m\) for all \(m\), (v) \(x^ky=w\) where \(k\geq 2\) and \(w\neq x^my\) for all \(m\). It is interesting that this argument starts with the decomposition of \(A^+_2\) due to the homomorphism of \(A^+_2\) onto the congruence-free, inverse semigroup \(B_2\) of order 5. An orthodox union of groups is called an orthogroup; a band of groups is called a cryptogroup. These semigroups are characterized in terms of the heredity of \(u=v\) to the subgroups (in case of orthogroups) or to the completely simple components (in case of cryptogroups) with additional conditions. By using these results, the authors solve the reviewer's problems in the following form. Consider the identity (1) \(xy=x^{m_1}y^{n_1}x^{m_2}y^{n_2}\dots x^{m_h}y^{n_h}\). Let \(p_x=\sum^h_{i=1}m_i-1\), \(p_y=\sum^h_{i=1}n_i-1\). A semigroup \(S\) satisfies (1) with \(\text{gcd}(p_x,p_y,h-1)=1\) if and only if \(S^2\) is an orthogroup whose subgroups satisfy (1) and \(ab{\mathcal L}a^{m_1}\) and \(ab{\mathcal R}ab^{n_h}\) for all \(a,b\in S\), where \(\mathcal L\) and \(\mathcal R\) are Green's relations. A semigroup \(S\) satisfies (1) with \(m_1,m_h\geq 2\) and \(\text{gcd}(p_x,p_y,m_1-1)=\text{gcd}(p_x,p_y,n_h-1)=1\) if and only if \(S\) is an inflation of a cryptogroup whose completely simple components satisfy (1). Next, consider (2) \(xy=y^{n_0}x^{m_1}y^{n_1}x^{m_2}\cdots x^{m_h}y^{n_h}\). A semigroup \(S\) satisfies (2) if and only if \(S^2\) is a semilattice of right groups whose subgroups satisfy (2) and \(ab{\mathcal R}ab^{n_h}\) for all \(a,b\in S\). A semigroup \(S\) satisfies (2) with \(n_h\geq 2\) and \(\text{gcd}(p_x,p_y,n_h-1)=1\) if and only if \(S\) is an inflation of a right regular band of groups whose subgroups satisfy (2). Finally (3) \(xy^m=x^ny\) with \(m,n\geq 2\). A semigroup \(S\) satisfies (3) if and only if \(S\) is a retractive extension of a semigroup which satisfies \(x=x^{p+1}\) by a nil-semigroup that satisfies (4) where \(p=\text{gcd}(m-1,n-1)\). This paper really develops the results of the reviewer's paper.