The convergence of certain Diophantine series (Q1981592)

The authors study the convergence of series \(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\,n^{-s}f(nx)\) with \(f\) a \(1\) periodic function. In their introduction (\S1) they give an interesting and to the point overview of the work and traditions in the study of these kind of convergence, dating back to Riemann, Dirichlet, Hardy and Littlewood and others. The main result (shown in \S3) is Theorem 1.1. Let \(f\,:\,\mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Z}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) be a \(1\)-periodic continuous function such that \(t^kf(t)=c_k+O(t)\) for some \(k\in\mathbb{Z}^{+}\) and \(c-k\not= 0\) when \(t\rightarrow 0\). Then the series \[S=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\,n^{-s}f(nx)\hbox{ with }x\in\mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Q}\] converges if and only if \(s>k\) and \(T=\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}\,(-1)^{kj}q_j^{-s}\beta_j^{-k}\) converges. Theorem 1.2. With the notation of Theorem 1.1, if \[t^kf(t)=\sum_{m=1}^k\,c_mt^{k-m}+O(t^k)\hbox{ for some }k\in\mathbb{Z}^{+},\] there exists \(C=C(f,s)\), not depending on \(x\), such that for any \(x\) in the convergence set of \(S\) \[\left|S-\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}\,q_jP((-1)^j\beta_j^{-1})\right|<C,\] where \(P\) is the polynomial \(\sum_{m=1}^k\,\zeta(s+m)c_mt^m\) with \(\zeta\) the Riemann zeta function. Theorem 5.1 For \(s>1\), let \[\Delta(x)=\lim_{J\rightarrow\infty}\,\left(\sum_{n<q_J}\,\frac{\cot{(\pi nx)}}{n^s}-\frac{\zeta (s+1)}{\pi}\sum_{j=0}^{J-1}\,(-1)^jq_j^{-s}\beta_j\right).\] Then \(\Delta:\mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Q}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is continuous. Given \(x_0\in\mathcal{C}\) and \[0<\mu<\frac{\min (s-1,2)}{s^2+s},\] we have \(\Delta\in\Lambda^{\mu}(x_0)\). Here they use: \begin{itemize} \item each \(x\in\mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Q}\) can be expanded as a continued fraction \([a_0;a_1,a_2,\ldots]\), where the \(a_j\) are the partial quatients and for \(j\geq 0\) \[\frac{p_j}{q_j}=[a_0;a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_j]\hbox{ and }\beta_j=|q_jx-p_j|\ (\beta_{-1}=0).\] \item The convergence set of the function \(\Phi(s)\) (a function which \textit{T. Rivoal} [Proc. Edinb. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 55, No. 2, 513--541 (2012; Zbl 1271.11072)] has treated) \[\Phi(s)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\,\,\frac{\cot{(\pi nx)}}{n^s}\] is given by \[\mathcal{C}=\{x\in\mathbb{R}\setminus\mathbb{Q}\,:\,\sum (-1)^jq_j^{-s}q_{j+1}\hbox{ converges}\}.\] \item The Lipschitz space \(\Lambda^{\mu}\) is composed of functions satisfying \[|f(x)-f(y)|\leq K|x-y|^{\mu}\] for every \(x\) and \(y\), with \(K\) an absolute constant. \end{itemize} The layout of the paper is as follows: \S1. Introduction (\(1\frac{1}{2}\) page) \S2. Auxiliary results on continued fractions (\(3\) pages) \S3. Convergence and approximation (\(2\) pages) \S4. The functional equation approach (\(5\) pages) \S5. Continuity and Lipschitz regularity (\(4\frac{1}{2}\) pages) References (\(19\) items)