Loop of formal diffeomorphisms and Faà di Bruno coloop bialgebra (Q2001582)

In this paper, the authors study two generalizations of proalgebraic groups, on one side to representable functors on categories of non-commutative algebras, on the other side to functors taking divisions that is loops. The main motivation for the authors comes from two proalgebraic groups of formal series appearing in the renormalization in quantum field theory namely: The group of invertible series with constant term equal to 1, represented by the Hopf algebra of symmetric functions; and that of formal diffeomorphisms tangent to the identity represented by the Faà di Bruno Hopf algebra. The authors are interested in the relationship between the non-commutative algebras and sets of series. In Section 2.1 of Part 2, Loops and functors in loops, the authors describe coloops in an axiomatic way. In Section 2.2, Coloops in general categories, the authors give some easy examples of algebraic and non-algebraic loops on associative and non-associative algebras, and extensively study the loops of invertible series and that of formal diffeomorphisms. In Section 2.3, the authors study (Pro)algebraic loops. Part 3, Coloops of invertible and unitary elements. Section 3.1, Loop of invertible elements. In this section, the authors give an example of an abelian algebraic group which can be extended to associative algebras as a group, to alternative algebras as a loop, but not to non-associative algebras, even as a loop. In Section 3.2, the authors study loops of unitary elements. Section 3.3, Unitary Cayley-Dickson loops. In this section, they give an example of a loop which is not algebraic on associative algebras. Part 4, Coloops of invertible series. They give a definition of groups of invertible series \(\operatorname{Inv}(A)\), where \(A\) is a commutative algebra. And they show that the functors \(\operatorname{Inv}\) can be extended to non-associative algebras, as a proalgebraic loop. In Section 4.1, the authors study loops of invertible series. In Section 4.2, the authors study coloop bialgebras of invertible series. In Section 4.3, they study properties of the loop of invertible series. Part 5, Coloop of formal diffeomorphisms. Initially, they define the group of formal diffeomorphisms \(\operatorname{Diff}(A)\), where \(A\) is a commutative algebra. In Section 5.1, the authors study loops of formal diffeomorphisms, and define formal diffeomorphisms \(\operatorname{Diff}(A)\) in \(\lambda\) with coefficients in \(A\), where \(\lambda\) is a formal variable and \(A\) a unital associative algebra, non-necessarily commutative. In Section 5.2, the authors study Faà di Bruno coloop bialgebras and define it. In Section 5.3, they study Faà di Bruno co-operations in terms of recursive operators. In Section 5.4, the authors study functoriality of the diffeomorphism loops. In Section 5.5, they study properties of the diffeomorphism loops. In Appendix A, the authors presents categorical proofs with tangles. Tangle diagrams are an efficient tool to prove formal (categorical) properties. In the context of non-associative algebras, tangle diagrams have been used to code deformations of the enveloping algebra of a Malcev algebra, seen as the infinitesimal structure of a Moufang loop. In this Appendix, the authors present the list of the tangles needed to represent all the operations and the co-operations in coloops, with their defining identities.