On the periodic Ambrosetti-Prodi problem for a class of ODEs with nonlinearities indefinite in sign (Q2006324)

The authors prove an Ambrosetti-Prodi-type result for the \(T\)-periodic problem associated with the scalar first order differential equation \[ x'=f(t,x)+s. \] Here \(f:\mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}\) is \(T\)-periodic with respect to the first variable and satisfies the \(L^1\)-Carathéodory conditions, while \(s\) is a real parameter. They assume the existence of a \(\bar x\in\mathbb{R}\) such that \[ {\text{ess sup}}_{t\in[0,T]} f(t,\bar x)<+\infty, \] and that there exist \(a, b \in L^1(0,T)\) and \(p \in\, ]0, 1]\) with \[ f (t, x) \geq a(t)|x|^p + b(t)\text{ for a.e. }t \in [0, T ]\;\text{ and all }x \in \mathbb{R}. \] Then, if \(\int_0^Ta(t)\,dt>0\), they prove the existence of a \(s_0\in\mathbb{R}\) such that the equation has zero, at least one or at least two \(T\)-periodic solutions according to \(s<s_0\), \(s=s_0\) or \(s>s_0\). They also show that the result is no longer true if \(p>1\).