Ultragraph algebras via labelled graph groupoids, with applications to generalized uniqueness theorems (Q2019298)

An ultragraph is a quadruple \((G^0, \mathcal G ^1, r,s)\), where \(G^0\) and \(\mathcal G ^1\) are countable sets, \(s\colon \mathcal G^1 \to G^0\) is the source map, and \(r\colon \mathcal G^1 \to P(G^0)\setminus \{ \emptyset\}\) is the range map. The difference with an ordinary directed graph is that the range map does not take values on the vertex set \(G^0\), but it is a multi-valued function on \(G^0\). When \(| r(e)|= 1\) for all \(e\in\mathcal G^1\), an ultragraph can be identified with a directed graph. Given an ultragraph \(\mathcal G\), a \(C^*\)-algebra \(C^*(\mathcal G)\), and Leavitt path algebras \(L_R(\mathcal G)\), for each commutative unital ring \(R\), can be associated to it. The authors construct the algebras associated to an ultragraph by using the combinatorial model developed by \textit{R. Exel} [Partial dynamical systems, Fell bundles and applications. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (2017; Zbl 1405.46003)]. This means that they consider a natural inverse semigroup associated to the ultragraph. The tight spectrum of this inverse semigroup is then used to build the corresponding algebra. The main point of these constructions is to obtain these algebras as algebras attached to certain well-behaved topological groupoids. Using these constructions, the authors obtain some uniqueness theorems for both ultragraph \(C^*\)-algebras and ultragraph Leavitt path algebras.