Combinatorics of injective words for Temperley-Lieb algebras (Q2019625)

This paper relates several concepts from homological algebra and enumerative combinatorics. It should be best read in conjunction with the paper [``On the homology of the Temperley-Lieb algebras'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:2006.04256}] by the same authors. Inspired by \textit{V. Reiner} and \textit{P. Webb}'s work [J. Pure Appl. Algebra 190, No. 1--3, 291--327 (2004; Zbl 1057.57003)] on the relationship between the complex of injective words and derangements of \(n\) letters, the authors study combinatorial properties of analogous complexes of planar injective words, which are chain complexes of modules over the Temperley-Lieb algebras \(\text{TL}_n(a)\). The latter are defined as follows. For a commutative ring \(R\) and \(a \in R\), the underlying \(R\)-module of the \(R\)-algebra \(\text{TL}_n(a)\) is freely generated by planar diagrams on \(n\) strands, up to isotopy. Multiplication is then defined by pasting diagrams and replacing closed loops with factors of \(a\). These objects first arose in theoretical physics and were studied from an algebraic and combinatorial perspective before; this paper relates them to topology. The authors introduce and examine chain complexes \(W(n)\) of \(\text{TL}_n(a)\)-modules whose degree \(i\) part is given by \(\text{TL}_n \otimes_{\text{TL}_{n-i-1}} {\mathfrak{1}}\). They show that for \(v \in R^{\times}\) and \(a = v + v^{-1}\), the Euler characteristic of \(W(n)\) is given (up to sign) by the \(n\)th Fine number \(F_n\), which is defined as the number of Dyck paths of length \(2n\) whose first peak has even height. (See \url{https://oeis .org /A000957} and [\textit{E. Deutsch} and \textit{L. Shapiro}, Discrete Math. 241, No. 1--3, 241--265 (2001; Zbl 0992.05011)]; the number of all Dyck paths of length \(2n\) is the \(n\)th Catalan number \(C_n = \frac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n}\).) Note that a result from the companion paper by the same authors (see above) states that \(W(n)\) has no homology in degrees other than \(n-1\). Denote \(H_{n-1}(W(n))\) by \(\mathcal F_n(a)\). In analogy with the illustrious Steinberg module, the authors call this module over \(\text{TL}_n(a)\) the Fineberg module. Under the additional assumption that the ring \(R\) is Noetherian, the authors prove a representation-theoretic lifting of the equation \(\chi(W(n)) = (-1)^{n-1}F_n\). Concretely, they show that \(G_0(\text{TL}_n(a)) \ni [\mathcal F_n(a)] = \sum_{m=0}^n \text{TL}_n \otimes_{\text{TL}_m} {\mathfrak{1}}\), where \(G_{0}(A)\) denotes the Grothendieck group of finitely generated modules over a ring \(A\). Under the further assumption that \(R = \mathbb C\) and \(v \in \mathbb C^{\times}\) such that \(v^2\) is no \(\ell\)th root of unity for some \(2 \leq \ell \leq n\), an explicit decomposition of \(\mathcal F_n(a)\) as a module over \(\text{TL}_n(a)\) is given. Finally, the authors define elements in \(\text{TL}_n(a)\) that are related to the Jacobsthal numbers (see The On-Line Encyclopaedia of Integer Sequences, \url{https://oeis.org/A001045}) and give a formula for the differentials of \(W(n)\) involving them.