A diffuse interface model of a two-phase flow with thermal fluctuations (Q2020000)

Let \(N\in\{1,2,3\}\), let \(\mathcal D=\mathcal T^N\) denote the \(N\)-dimensional torus, consider a system of a Navier-Stokes and a Cahn-Hilliard equation \[ \begin{aligned} \mathrm{d}\varrho+\operatorname{div}_x(\varrho\mathbf u)\,\mathrm{d}t&=0 \\ \mathrm{d}(\varrho\mathbf u)+\operatorname{div}_x(\varrho\mathbf u\otimes\mathbf u)\,\mathrm{d}t&+\nabla_xp(\varrho,c)\,\mathrm{d}t= \\ \operatorname{div}_x\mathbb S(\nabla_x\mathbf u)\,\mathrm{d}t-&\operatorname{div}_x\left(\nabla_xc\otimes\nabla_xc-\frac 12|\nabla_xc|^2\mathbb I\right)\,\mathrm{d}t \\ \mathrm{d}(\varrho c)+\operatorname{div}_x(\varrho c\mathbf u)\,\mathrm{d}t&=\Delta_x\mu\,\mathrm{d}t+\varrho\sigma(c)\,\mathrm{d}W \end{aligned} \] where the pressure \(p(\varrho,c)\) and the chemical potential \(\mu(\varrho,c,\Delta_x c)\) are derived from the free energy \[ E_{\operatorname{free}}=\int_{\mathcal D}\varrho f(\varrho,c)+\frac{1}{2}|\nabla_x c|^2\mathrm{d}x \] in the form of constitutive relations \[ \varrho\mu=\varrho\frac{\partial f(\varrho,c)}{\partial c}-\Delta_xc,\quad p(\varrho,c)=\varrho^2\frac{\partial f(\varrho,c)}{\partial\varrho}, \] the viscous stress tensor \(\mathbb S\) is given by the standard Newton's rheological law \[ \mathbb S(\nabla_x\mathbf u)=\nu_{\operatorname{shear}}\left(\nabla_xu+\nabla^t_xu-\frac 2N\operatorname{div}_x\mathbf u\mathbb I\right)+\nu_{\operatorname{bulk}}\operatorname{div}_x\mathbf u\mathbb I, \] \(\nu_{\operatorname{shear}}>0\) and \(\nu_{\operatorname{bulk}}\ge 0\) are the shear and the bulk viscosity coefficients respectively, \(\sigma=(\sigma_k)\) satisfy \(\|\sigma_k\|_{W^{2,\infty}(\mathbb R)}\lesssim 1\), the free energy \(f\) is defined by \[ f(\varrho,c)=a\varrho^{\gamma-1}+\log(\varrho)H(\varrho)+f^c(c) \] for \(a>0\), \(\gamma>3\), \(f^c\in C^3(\mathbb R)\), \(f^c(0)=0\), \(|\partial^jf^c|\lesssim 1\), \(j=2,3\), \(\partial f^c\approx c\) for \(|c|\) large, \(H\in C^3(\mathbb R)\), \(|\partial^jH|\lesssim 1\), \(j=1,2,3\) and \(W\) is a trace-class Wiener process. Here the mass density \(\varrho\), the macroscopic fluid velocity \(\mathbf u\) and the order parameter \(c\) are the unknowns. The initial data are assumed to satisfy \[ \varrho_0>0,\quad\int_{\mathcal D}\varrho_0\mathrm{d}x=M \] where \(M>0\) is a deterministic constant. The authors prove that the above system admits a dissipative martingale solution \((\varrho,\mathbf u,c,W)\) such that \(\varrho\) has weakly continuous strictly positive paths in \(L^2(\mathcal D)\), the paths of \(\varrho\mathbf u\) are weakly continuous in \(L^\frac{2\gamma}{\gamma+1}(\mathcal D;\mathbb R^N)\), the paths of \(\varrho c\) are weakly continuous in \(L^2(\mathcal D)\), the paths of \(c\) are bounded in \(W^{1,2}(\mathcal D)\) and square integrable in \(W^{2,2}(\mathcal D)\), the paths of \(\mathbf u\) and \(\mu\) are square integrable in \(W^{1,2}(\mathcal D;\mathbb R^N)\) and the following energy inequality holds \[ \mathbb E\left[\sup_{(0,T)}\int_{\mathcal D}\left[\varrho|\mathbf u|^2+\varrho^\gamma+\varrho c^2+|\nabla_xc|^2\right]\mathrm{d}x\right]^\beta +\mathbb E\left[\|\nabla_x\mathbf u\|_{L^2(0,T;L^2(\mathcal D))}^2+\|\nabla_x\mu\|_{L^2(0,T;L^2(\mathcal D))}^2\right]^\beta\leq \] \[ c(\beta)\left(1+\mathbb E\left[\int_{\mathcal D}\left[\varrho_0|\mathbf u_0|^2+\varrho_0^\gamma+\varrho_0c_0^2+|\nabla_xc_0|^2\right]\mathrm{d}x\right]^\beta\right), \] where \[ c(\beta)=\mathbb E\left[\|\varrho_0\|_{L^\gamma(\mathcal D)}+\|\varrho_0^{1/2}\mathbf u_0\|_{L^2(\mathcal D;\mathbb R^N)}+\|\mathbf u_0\|_{L^2(\mathcal D;\mathbb R^N)}+\|c_0\|_{W^{1,2}(\mathcal D)}\right]^\beta \] is defined for every \(\beta>0\).