On the magnitude of Vilenkin-Fourier coefficients (Q2024108)

Let us denote \(P=\{p_n\}\) a sequence of natural numbers, such that, \(p_n\geq 2\), \(\forall n\in\mathbb{N}\) and Let \(m_0=1\), \(m_n=p_nm_{n-1}\). Then, every \(x\in[0,1)\) can be written as \(x=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x_n}{m_n}\), where \(x_n\in\mathbb{Z}\cap[0,p_n)\). We observe that this expansion is unique if for \(x=k/m_j\), \(0<k<m_j\), we choose the series with finite number of \(x_n\not=0\). Also, any number \(k\in\mathbb{Z}_+\), can be expressed as \(k=\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}k_jm_{j-1}\), with \(k_j\in\mathbb{Z}\cap[0,p_j)\). The Vilenkin system is defined as, \[\chi_k(x)=\text{exp}\left(\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}\frac{x_jk_j}{p_j}\right)\] and \(\{\chi_k\}_k\) is an orthonormal and complete system in \(L^1[0,1]\). If \(f\in L^1[0,1]\), then the Vilenkin-Fourier coefficients are defined by, \[ \hat{f}(n)=\int_0^1 f(x)\chi_n(x)dx, \ \ n\in\mathbb{Z}_+ \] and the partial sums \(S_n(f)(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\hat{f}(k)\chi_k(x)\), \(n\in \mathbb{N}\). Then, the paper is devoted to obtain estimates for the magnitud of the Vilenkin-Fourier coefficients, in the context to generalized Hölder spaces, \(p\)-fluctation spaces, \(\Lambda Fl^{(p)}[0,1)\), and \(\Lambda-\varphi\) fluctuation spaces, \(\Lambda Fl_\varphi[0,1)\), for \(1\leq p<\infty\). Among, these estimates, we can highlight some, such as, \[ |\hat{f}(k)|\leq C(N)\int_0^1\left| f\left(x\oplus\frac{1}{m_n}\right)-f(x)\right|dx \tag{1}, \] for \(P=\{p_n\}\), \(2\leq p_n\leq N\), \(N\in\mathbb{N}\), \(k\in[m_n,m_{n+1})\), \(n\in\mathbb{Z}_+\) and \(f\in L^1[0,1)\). \[ |\hat{f}(k)|\leq \operatorname*{Inf}\{ \| \sum_{i=0}^{k-1}a_i\chi_i-f\|_p:a_i\in\mathbb{C}\}\tag{2}, \] if \(f\in L^p[0,1)\), \(1\leq p <\infty\), or \(f\in C^\ast[0,1)\) if \(p=\infty\) and \(k\in\mathbb{N}\). \[ \text{If } f\in H^w_p \text{ and }k\in [m_n,m_{n+1}),\ n\in\mathbb{Z}_+, \text{ then }|\hat{f}(k)|\leq w_n\tag{3}. \] where \(\{w_n\}_n\) is a sequence decreasing to zero and \(1\leq p \leq\infty\). \[ |\hat{f}(k)|\leq C(\varphi)\varphi^{-1}(m^{-1}_n)\text{ if }f\in \Lambda Fl_\varphi [0,1) \tag{4} \] and as corollary, \(|\hat{f}(k)|\leq C_1k^{-1/p}\), if \(f\in Fl^{(p)}[0,1)\) with \(k\in\mathbb{N}\) and \(1\leq p <\infty\). Finally, the authors obtain that, if \(1\leq p <\infty\) and \(\Lambda Fl^{(p)}[0,1)\subset \Gamma Fl^{(p)}[0,1)\), where this embedding is strong and \(P\) is bounded, then there exist \(f_0\in Fl^{(p)}[0,1)\), such that, \(\hat{f}(n)\not=O(\Lambda^{-1/p})\).