Hausdorff coalgebras (Q2024924)

The main goal of this paper is to expand the theory of limits in categories of coalgebras of Kripke polynomial functors to the context of quantale-enriched categories. Recall, that a functor \(Set \to Set\) is called a polynomial Kripke functor [\textit{M. Rößiger}, in: CMCS 2000. Coalgebraic methods in computer science, Berlin, Germany, March 25--26, 2000. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 22 p. (2000; Zbl 0959.03502)] if it can be inductively constructed from constant functors and the identity functor \(Id_{Set}\) using a finite number of steps containing operations of finite (co) products, exponentiation, and the powerset functor. A sup-lattice \((L, \bigvee)\) is a partially ordered set in which every \(S\subset L\) has a supremum \(\bigvee S\). A quantale is a closed monoidal sup-lattice. This means [\textit{I. Stubbe}, Fuzzy Sets Syst. 256, 95--116 (2014; Zbl 1335.18002), Definition 2.1] that a quantale is a quadruple \((Q, \bigvee, \cdot, 1)\) such that \((Q, \cdot, 1)\) is a monoid and \((Q, \bigvee)\) is a sup-lattice whose operations are related by the following identities, for all \(f, g, (f_i), (g_j) \in Q\), \[ g\cdot\left(\bigvee_i f_i\right)= \bigvee_i (g\cdot f_i) ~ \text{ and }~ \left(\bigvee_j g_j\right)\cdot f = \bigvee_j (g_j \cdot f). \] The authors of the article focused on topics related to the study of coalgebras over metric spaces with special interest in metric versions of polynomial Kripke functors. The article is devoted to the expansion of the study of limits in the categories of coalgebras of polynomial Kripke functors to the context of quantale-riched categories. In more general terms, this means that given an endofunctor \(F: A\to A\) on a category \(A\) and a faithful functor \(U: X \to A\), our problem consists in studying a ``lifting'' of \(F\) to an endofunctor \(\bar{F}: X\to X\). By lifting we mean a functor satisfying the equality \(U\circ \bar{F}= F\circ U\). A common theme of the papers [\textit{P. Baldan} et al., Log. Methods Comput. Sci. 14, No. 3, Paper No. 20, 61 p. (2018; Zbl 06943961)] and [\textit{A. Balan} et al., Log. Methods Comput. Sci. 15. No. 1, Paper No. 5, 57 p. (2019; Zbl 1408.18005)] is to study liftings of \(Set\)-functors to categories of metric spaces, or more generally to the category \(\mathcal{V}{\text{-}}Cat\) of \(\mathcal{V}\)-categories and \(\mathcal{V}\)-functors, for a quantale \(\mathcal{V}\), in the sense that the endofunctor \(T: Set \to Set\) is lifting to \(\bar{T}: \mathcal{V}{\text{-}}Cat\to \mathcal{V}{\text{-}}Cat\). From the text: ``In Sect. 2 we show that, for such a lifting of a \(Set\)-functor, the corresponding category of coalgebras over \(\mathcal{V}\text{-}Cat\) is topological over the category of coalgebras over \(Set\) (see Theorem 2.5). This implies that it is possible to recast over \(\mathcal{V}{\text{-}}Cat\) all the theory about limits in categories of Kripke polynomial coalgebras over \(Set\). However, this result also highlights that `adding a \(\mathcal{V}\)-category structure' does not improve the situation regarding limits by itself. In particular, the Hausdorff functor that considers all subsets of a metric space does not admit a terminal coalgebra. Besides cardinal restrictions, another way to `tame' the powerset functor is to equip a set with some kind of structure and then consider only its `structure relevant' subsets. This is precisely the strategy employed in [\textit{D. Hofmann} et al., Math. Struct. Comput. Sci. 29, No. 4, 552--587 (2019; Zbl 1417.68108)] where we passed from Kripke polynomial functors to Vietoris polynomial functors on categories of topological spaces. For instance, it is implicitly shown in [\textit{R. Engelking,} General topology. Rev. and compl. ed. Sigma Series in Pure Mathematics, 6. Berlin: Heldermann Verlag. 529 p. (1989; Zbl 0684.54001), p. 245] that the classic Vietoris functor on the category of compact Hausdorff spaces and continuous maps has a terminal coalgebra, and this result generalises to all topological spaces when considering the compact Vietoris functor on Top which sends a space to its hyperspace of compact subsets. This fact might not come as a surprise for the reader thinking of compactness as `generalised finiteness'; however, it came as a surprise to us to learn that the lower Vietoris functor on Top, where one considers all closed subsets, also admits a terminal coalgebra. Motivated by the fact that finite topological spaces correspond precisely to finite ordered sets, over the past decades several results about topological spaces have been inspired by their finite counterparts; for a sequence of results see for instance [\textit{M. M. Clementino} and \textit{D. Hofmann}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 130, No. 11, 3423--3431 (2002; Zbl 1008.54011); \textit{G. Janelidze} and \textit{M. Sobral}, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 175, No. 1--3, 187--205 (2002; Zbl 1018.18004); \textit{G. Janelidze} and \textit{M. Sobral}, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 174, No. 3, 303--309 (2002; Zbl 1018.18005)]. One therefore might wonder if the result regarding the lower Vietoris functor on Top has an order-theoretic counterpart; in other words, does the upset functor \(Up: Ord \to Ord\) admit a terminal coalgebra? The answer is negative, as it follows from the `generalized Cantor Theorem' of [\textit{R. P. Dilworth} and \textit{A. M. Gleason}, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 13, 704--705 (1962; Zbl 0109.24203)].'' Based on that, in Sect. 3, Cantor's Theorem is generalised further (Theorem 3.16). This result shows that the (non-symmetric) Hausdorff functor on \(\mathcal{V}{\text{-}}Cat\)-sending a \(\mathcal{V}\)-category to the space of all `up-closed' subsets-does not admit a terminal coalgebra. From the text: ``To overcome these `negative results' regarding completeness of categories of coalgebras, in Sect. 4 we add a topological component to the \(\mathcal{V}\)-categorical setting. More specifically, we introduce the Hausdorff construction for \(\mathcal{V}\)-categories equipped with a compatible compact Hausdorff topology.We note that these \(\mathcal{V}\)-categorical compact Hausdorff spaces are already studied in [\textit{D. Hofmann} and \textit{C. D. Reis}, Categ. Gen. Algebr. Struct. Appl. 9, No. 1, 77--138 (2018; Zbl 1407.18002); \textit{W. Tholen}, Topology Appl. 156, No. 12, 2148--2157 (2009; Zbl 1171.54025)], being the corresponding category denoted here by \(\mathcal{V}\)-CatCH. Also, we find it worthwhile to notice that the notion of \(\mathcal{V}\)-categorical compact Hausdorff space generalises simultaneously Nachbin's ordered compact Hausdorff spaces [\textit{L. Nachbin}, Topology and Order. Translated from the Portuguese by Lulu Bechtolsheim. Princeton-New-Jersey-Toronto-New York-London: D. Van Nostrand Company (1965; Zbl 0131.37903)] and the classic notion of compact metric space; therefore, it provides a framework to combine and even unify both theories.'' Interesting examples of combining these theories are given. From the text: `` By `adding topology', and under mild assumptions on the quantale \(\mathcal{V}\), we are able to show that \(H:\mathcal{V}{\text{-}}\text{CatCH} \to \mathcal{V}{\text{-}}\text{CatCH}\) preserves codirected limits (see Theorem 4.35); which eventually allows us to conclude that, for every Hausdorff polynomial functor on \(\mathcal{V}\)-CatCH, the corresponding category of coalgebras is complete (see Theorem 4.47). In the last part of this paper we consider a \(\mathcal{V}\)-categorical counterpart of the notion of a Priestley space. We developed already `Stone-type' duality theory for these type of spaces; here we showthat \(H: \mathcal{V}{\text{-}}\text{CatCH} \to \mathcal{V}{\text{-}}\text{CatCH}\) sends Priestley spaces to Priestley spaces, generalising a well-known fact of the Vietoris functor on the category of partially ordered compact spaces. Consequently, many results regarding coalgebras for \(H: \mathcal{V}{\text{-}}\text{CatCH} \to \mathcal{V}{\text{-}}\text{CatCH}\) are valid for its restriction to Priestley spaces as well.''