Topological analysis of doubly nonlocal boundary value problems (Q2031288)

This is an interesting paper dealing with the perturbed Hammerstein integral equation of the form \[u(t)=\gamma(t)H(\varphi(u))+\lambda\int_0^1\left(A\left(\int_0^1|u(\xi)|^qd\xi\right)\right)^{-1}G(t,s)f(s,u(s))ds,\] with \(t\in(0,1)\), where \(q\geq1\) and the functions \(A:\mathbb{R}^+\to\mathbb{R},\) \(f:[0,1\times\to\mathbb{R}^+,\) \(G:[0,1]\times[0,1]\to\mathbb{R}^+,\) \(H:\mathbb{R}^+\to\mathbb{R}^+\) \(\gamma:[0,1]\to[0,1]\) are all continuous. The function \(\varphi\) has the linear integral form \[\int_0^1u(s)d\alpha(s),\] where \(\alpha\) is a monotone increasing function of bounded variation on the interval \([0,1].\) This equation unifies the integral forms produced by various nonlocal boundary value problems of second order, such as \[-M\left(\int_0^1(u(s))^q\right)u''(t)=\lambda f(t,u(t)),\] and \[-M\left(\int_0^1(u'(s))^q\right)u''(t)=\lambda f(t,u(t)),\] with \(t\in(0,1).\) In order to apply a standard fixed point method lying on the index on the boundary of some suitable sets, the author considers a specific cone that is the intersection of two obvious cones, to be used separately to discuss the two specific problems above. An application of these results is given explicitly.